CarbonTracker-CH₄

Welcome to CarbonTracker-CH₄ 2025!

The goal of CarbonTracker-CH₄ is to provide quantitative estimates of methane emissions from microbial, fossil, and pyrogenic sources at a global scale. CarbonTracker-CH₄ emission estimates are consistent with observed patterns of methane (CH₄) and its stable isotopic ratios (δ¹³C-CH₄) in the atmosphere.

Three-dimensional visualization of simulated CH₄ concentrations from CarbonTracker-CH₄ for July-August 2021. Warm colors show high atmospheric CH₄ concentrations, and cool colors show low concentrations. This sequence shows emissions from both natural and anthropogenic regions. Weather systems then move the resulting high CH₄ air masses to form the patterns shown in this animation. [More on CH₄ visualization]

Methane plays an important role in the chemistry and energy budget of the atmosphere. With a global warming potential of 28-34 over a 100-year horizon, methane is a potent greenhouse gas. Atmospheric methane has a lifetime of about a decade, and it is ultimately oxidized to CO2. Controlling methane emissions also has implications for air quality, since oxidation of CH4 leads to tropospheric ozone formation in polluted environments. As a result of high global warming potential and health impacts, the Global Methane Pledge was launched during COP 26 in November 2021, and more than 150 countries are currently participating to develop national methane action plans to drive anthropogenic methane reductions in key methane-emitting sectors.

Methane emissions can be broadly grouped into three categories: microbial, fossil, and pyrogenic sources. Microbial emissions are due to methane-generating microbes (methanogens) found in anaerobic environments such as natural wetlands and rice paddies, oxygen-poor freshwater reservoirs (such as dams), digestive systems of ruminants and termites, and organic waste deposits (such as manure, sewage, and landfills). Fossil methane formed over millions of years through geological processes. It is vented from the subsurface into the atmosphere through natural features (such as terrestrial seeps, marine seeps, and mud volcanoes), and through the exploitation of fossil fuels; coal, oil, and natural gas. Pyrogenic methane is produced by the incomplete combustion of biomass and soil carbon during wildfires and of biofuels and fossil fuels.

These three types of emissions have distinct stable carbon isotopic signatures (more information on carbon isotopes here). Methane emissions from microbial sources are isotopically lighter (less ¹³C) than emissions from fossil and pyrogenic sources. The isotopic composition of atmospheric methane — measured at a subset of surface stations — has therefore been very useful to constrain its source.

Atmospheric methane has three sink mechanisms: atmospheric oxidation by OH and Cl throughout the atmosphere, destruction by O(1D) in the stratosphere, and surface uptake in aerobic soils. Each methane sink process shows a different preference for reacting with the light ¹²C over the heavier ¹³C.

The possibility of future increased methane emissions due to changing climate is a feedback process that is important to understand. Large stores of carbon are thought to be present in the frozen soils and permafrost of the Arctic, and increased decomposition as soils thaw and warm could mean that the Arctic will become a significant source of both atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide. Modeling systems like CarbonTracker-CH₄, which merge long-term observations with bottom-up emission estimates and atmospheric transport models, provide help in understanding, tracking, and predicting climate feedbacks related to greenhouse gas emissions.

(left) Pie chart of global mean CH₄ emissions from microbial, fossil, and pyrogenic source sectors.
(right) Pie chart of global mean CH₄ oxidation from tropospheric, stratospheric, and terrestrial sink sectors.