The tables below summarize the estimated surface fluxes for combined natural sources and fossil fuel burning from the current CarbonTracker release (CT-NRT.v2023-3) and the previous releases (CT2013, CT2011_oi, CT2010, CT2009, CT2008, and CT2007B). The uncertainty in the estimates is the one standard deviation from the filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1 (1015 gC yr-1, or billion metric ton C yr-1, or 3.7 billion metric ton CO2 yr-1). Note that 2000 is excluded from long-term means as we consider it a "spin-up" year for our analysis.

CT2013B vs. CT2013
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013B vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2011_oi
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2013 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2010
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2011_oi vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2010 vs. CT2009
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2010 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2010 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2009 vs. CT2008
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2009 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux

CT2008 vs. CT2007B
• Natural Flux
• Fossil fuel Flux







Table 1: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013B compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2013
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.17 ± 0.80
North American Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.44 ± 0.78
South American Tropical	-0.04 ± 1.70	-0.04 ± 1.70	0.01 ± 1.63
South American Temperate	-0.09 ± 1.10	-0.09 ± 1.10	0.04 ± 1.13
Northern Africa	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.09 ± 1.01
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 1.17	0.06 ± 1.17	0.08 ± 1.11
Eurasia Boreal	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.99 ± 3.49
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.61	0.09 ± 0.61	0.12 ± 0.56
Australia	-0.00 ± 0.34	-0.00 ± 0.34	0.02 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.38 ± 1.81
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.44 ± 0.44
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.43
South Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.54 ± 0.56
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.34
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.30 ± 0.36
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.13 ± 0.17	0.13 ± 0.17
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.18 ± 0.22
Southern Ocean	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.31 ± 0.30
Indian Tropical	0.14 ± 0.27	0.14 ± 0.27	0.15 ± 0.27
South Indian Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.53 ± 0.45
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2013
Northern Land	-1.75 ± 4.92	-1.75 ± 4.92	-2.35 ± 4.36
Northern Oceans	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.04 ± 0.67
Northern	-2.93 ± 5.53	-2.93 ± 5.53	-3.39 ± 4.90
Tropical Land	-0.05 ± 2.10	-0.05 ± 2.10	0.04 ± 2.00
Tropical Ocean	0.70 ± 0.62	0.70 ± 0.62	0.72 ± 0.62
Tropical	0.65 ± 2.56	0.65 ± 2.56	0.75 ± 2.47
Southern Land	-0.04 ± 1.65	-0.04 ± 1.65	0.14 ± 1.63
Ocean in South	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.56 ± 0.89
Southern	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.41 ± 2.47
Americas	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.56 ± 2.29
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.64 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.38 ± 2.36
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.39 ± 0.58
Asia	-1.27 ± 4.27	-1.27 ± 4.27	-1.23 ± 3.80
Pacific Ocean	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.54 ± 0.87
All Land	-1.85 ± 5.61	-1.85 ± 5.61	-2.17 ± 5.07
All Ocean	-2.19 ± 1.43	-2.19 ± 1.43	-1.88 ± 1.36
Global	-4.03 ± 6.81	-4.03 ± 6.81	-4.05 ± 6.22
North America	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.61 ± 1.13
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.74 ± 4.18
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.74 ± 0.56
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.25 ± 0.86
Tropical and Southern Land	-0.09 ± 2.67	-0.09 ± 2.67	0.18 ± 2.59
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.49	0.43 ± 0.49	0.44 ± 0.49
Temperate Oceans	-2.15 ± 1.06	-2.15 ± 1.06	-1.99 ± 1.03
High Latitude Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.61 ± 0.47
Extratropical Oceans	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.60 ± 1.15
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.01 ± 1.18	-1.01 ± 1.18	-0.84 ± 1.19
Northern Boreal Land	-1.11 ± 4.11	-1.11 ± 4.11	-1.16 ± 3.59
Northern Temperate Land	-0.65 ± 2.66	-0.65 ± 2.66	-1.19 ± 2.41
Tropical land minus northern land	1.70 ± 5.36	1.70 ± 5.36	2.38 ± 4.80
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.45 ± 3.83
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.93 ± 2.89
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.10 ± 2.44
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.11 ± 3.68	-1.11 ± 3.68	-0.66 ± 3.60







Table 2: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013B compared to CT2013, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2012
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2013
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.75	1.75	1.75
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.17	0.17
Northern Africa	0.16	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.19	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.90	2.90
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.59	0.59
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.50	1.50
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.34	0.34
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.02
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.09
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.05
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.09
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2012
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2013
Northern Land	6.36	6.36	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.47	0.47
Northern	6.84	6.84	6.84
Tropical Land	0.86	0.86	0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.17	0.17
Tropical	1.03	1.03	1.03
Southern Land	0.40	0.40	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.04
Southern	0.43	0.43	0.43
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.05
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.19	0.19
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.79
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.10
Asia	3.78	3.78	3.78
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.39	0.39
All Land	7.61	7.61	7.61
All Ocean	0.68	0.68	0.68
Global	8.30	8.30	8.30
North America	1.78	1.78	1.78
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.59	4.59
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.43	0.43
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.04
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.25	1.25
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.03
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.47	0.47
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.04
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.51	0.51
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.21	0.21
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.22	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	6.15	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.51	-5.51
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.26	0.26
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.58	6.58
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.43	0.43
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.46	1.46







Table 3: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013B compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.12 ± 0.91	-0.13 ± 0.91
North American Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.21 ± 0.93	-0.45 ± 0.87
South American Tropical	-0.04 ± 1.70	-0.01 ± 1.69	0.18 ± 1.53
South American Temperate	-0.09 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.11	0.09 ± 1.18
Northern Africa	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.10 ± 1.05	-0.05 ± 0.99
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 1.17	0.07 ± 1.13	0.13 ± 1.02
Eurasia Boreal	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.89 ± 3.82	-0.96 ± 3.40
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.37 ± 1.40	-0.37 ± 1.35
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.61	0.10 ± 0.62	0.16 ± 0.55
Australia	-0.00 ± 0.34	-0.00 ± 0.33	-0.02 ± 0.46
Europe	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.11 ± 2.00	-0.35 ± 1.82
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.51 ± 0.51	-0.40 ± 0.46
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.42	0.35 ± 0.38
South Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.51 ± 0.53	-0.58 ± 0.61
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.31 ± 0.37	-0.24 ± 0.30
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.35 ± 0.39	-0.39 ± 0.43
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.13 ± 0.17	0.18 ± 0.20
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.21 ± 0.25	-0.17 ± 0.22
Southern Ocean	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.41 ± 0.33	-0.27 ± 0.28
Indian Tropical	0.14 ± 0.27	0.15 ± 0.27	0.18 ± 0.30
South Indian Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.54 ± 0.44	-0.67 ± 0.47
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	-1.75 ± 4.92	-1.69 ± 4.78	-2.27 ± 4.33
Northern Oceans	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.02 ± 0.71
Northern	-2.93 ± 5.53	-2.87 ± 5.38	-3.30 ± 4.93
Tropical Land	-0.05 ± 2.10	-0.01 ± 2.09	0.29 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.70 ± 0.62	0.72 ± 0.63	0.72 ± 0.66
Tropical	0.65 ± 2.56	0.71 ± 2.56	1.01 ± 2.38
Southern Land	-0.04 ± 1.65	0.01 ± 1.63	0.20 ± 1.63
Ocean in South	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.66 ± 0.87	-1.69 ± 0.94
Southern	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.66 ± 2.45	-1.49 ± 2.53
Americas	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.40 ± 2.42	-0.32 ± 2.32
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.74 ± 0.64	-0.61 ± 0.64
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.14 ± 2.53	-0.28 ± 2.31
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.39 ± 0.57	-0.50 ± 0.62
Asia	-1.27 ± 4.27	-1.16 ± 4.12	-1.19 ± 3.73
Pacific Ocean	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.58 ± 0.89	-0.62 ± 0.88
All Land	-1.85 ± 5.61	-1.70 ± 5.47	-1.79 ± 5.00
All Ocean	-2.19 ± 1.43	-2.12 ± 1.42	-2.00 ± 1.44
Global	-4.03 ± 6.81	-3.82 ± 6.67	-3.78 ± 6.21
North America	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.33 ± 1.30	-0.59 ± 1.27
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.36 ± 4.56	-1.69 ± 4.12
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.86 ± 0.65	-0.79 ± 0.65
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.26 ± 0.81	-1.42 ± 0.90
Tropical and Southern Land	-0.09 ± 2.67	-0.01 ± 2.66	0.48 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.49	0.44 ± 0.49	0.37 ± 0.45
Temperate Oceans	-2.15 ± 1.06	-2.12 ± 1.06	-2.21 ± 1.11
High Latitude Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.72 ± 0.51	-0.51 ± 0.41
Extratropical Oceans	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.84 ± 1.21	-2.72 ± 1.25
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.01 ± 1.18	-0.94 ± 1.17	-0.97 ± 1.21
Northern Boreal Land	-1.11 ± 4.11	-1.01 ± 3.94	-1.09 ± 3.52
Northern Temperate Land	-0.65 ± 2.66	-0.68 ± 2.64	-1.18 ± 2.47
Tropical land minus northern land	1.70 ± 5.36	1.68 ± 5.22	2.56 ± 4.74
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.32 ± 4.21	-1.33 ± 3.73
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.55 ± 3.20	-1.96 ± 3.03
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.25 ± 2.40	-1.22 ± 2.49
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.11 ± 3.68	-0.95 ± 3.66	-0.49 ± 3.52







Table 4: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013B compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.75	1.76	1.81
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.19	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.71	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.55	0.56
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.33	0.23
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.06
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.04
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.07
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	6.36	6.19	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.46	0.32
Northern	6.84	6.65	6.68
Tropical Land	0.86	0.81	0.82
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.17	0.12
Tropical	1.03	0.98	0.95
Southern Land	0.40	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.03
Southern	0.43	0.42	0.42
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.10
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.19	0.13
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.08
Asia	3.78	3.55	3.63
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.38	0.26
All Land	7.61	7.39	7.58
All Ocean	0.68	0.66	0.47
Global	8.30	8.05	8.05
North America	1.78	1.79	1.83
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.40	4.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.29
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.20	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.02
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.46	0.32
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.50	0.35
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.15
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.98	6.14
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.38	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.25
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.40	6.43
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.42
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.40	1.37







Table 5: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013B compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2010
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.11 ± 0.91	-0.11 ± 0.35
North American Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.22 ± 0.96	-0.49 ± 0.39
South American Tropical	-0.04 ± 1.70	-0.03 ± 1.69	0.13 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.09 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.11	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.09 ± 1.04	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 1.17	0.04 ± 1.15	0.10 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.87 ± 3.75	-0.83 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.39 ± 1.42	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.61	0.09 ± 0.62	0.15 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.00 ± 0.34	0.01 ± 0.33	-0.09 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.11 ± 1.98	-0.28 ± 0.75
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.51 ± 0.51	-0.40 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.42	0.39 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.51 ± 0.53	-0.57 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.32 ± 0.37	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.35 ± 0.39	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.13 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.20 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.39 ± 0.32	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.14 ± 0.27	0.15 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.54 ± 0.44	-0.69 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2010
Northern Land	-1.75 ± 4.92	-1.70 ± 4.72	-2.06 ± 1.62
Northern Oceans	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-2.93 ± 5.53	-2.88 ± 5.32	-3.13 ± 2.23
Tropical Land	-0.05 ± 2.10	-0.03 ± 2.09	0.30 ± 0.85
Tropical Ocean	0.70 ± 0.62	0.73 ± 0.63	0.75 ± 0.36
Tropical	0.65 ± 2.56	0.70 ± 2.55	1.06 ± 1.19
Southern Land	-0.04 ± 1.65	-0.01 ± 1.64	-0.02 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.63 ± 0.86	-1.58 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.64 ± 2.45	-1.60 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.42 ± 2.42	-0.50 ± 1.15
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.74 ± 0.65	-0.62 ± 0.60
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.15 ± 2.52	-0.16 ± 1.09
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.39 ± 0.57	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.27 ± 4.27	-1.16 ± 4.06	-1.11 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.57 ± 0.89	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.85 ± 5.61	-1.74 ± 5.42	-1.78 ± 2.10
All Ocean	-2.19 ± 1.43	-2.08 ± 1.42	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-4.03 ± 6.81	-3.82 ± 6.61	-3.67 ± 3.19
North America	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.34 ± 1.32	-0.60 ± 0.53
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.37 ± 4.50	-1.46 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.86 ± 0.64	-0.77 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.25 ± 0.81	-1.39 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	-0.09 ± 2.67	-0.04 ± 2.66	0.28 ± 1.34
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.49	0.44 ± 0.49	0.41 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.15 ± 1.06	-2.10 ± 1.05	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.70 ± 0.51	-0.48 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.81 ± 1.20	-2.65 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.01 ± 1.18	-0.91 ± 1.16	-0.83 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.11 ± 4.11	-0.98 ± 3.87	-0.94 ± 1.21
Northern Temperate Land	-0.65 ± 2.66	-0.72 ± 2.65	-1.12 ± 1.02
Tropical land minus northern land	1.70 ± 5.36	1.68 ± 5.16	2.36 ± 1.84
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.30 ± 4.14	-1.23 ± 1.40
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.58 ± 3.20	-1.89 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.26 ± 2.40	-1.41 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.11 ± 3.68	-0.94 ± 3.65	-0.54 ± 2.19







Table 6: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013B compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2010
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.77	1.83
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.62	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.53	0.57
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.11
Europe	1.50	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.32	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2010
Northern Land	6.36	6.11	6.35
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.45	0.15
Northern	6.84	6.56	6.50
Tropical Land	0.86	0.79	0.83
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.06
Tropical	1.03	0.95	0.89
Southern Land	0.40	0.38	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.43	0.42	0.41
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.11
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.03
Asia	3.78	3.44	3.62
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.37	0.12
All Land	7.61	7.28	7.57
All Ocean	0.68	0.65	0.22
Global	8.30	7.93	7.79
North America	1.78	1.79	1.85
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.32	4.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.17	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.45	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.49	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.90	6.16
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.32	-5.52
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.31	6.30
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.41
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.37	1.30







Table 7: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013B compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.10 ± 0.92	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.22 ± 1.00	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	-0.04 ± 1.70	0.00 ± 1.69	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.09 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.13	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.08 ± 1.05	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 1.17	0.06 ± 1.12	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.83 ± 3.69	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.38 ± 1.41	-0.35 ± 0.55
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.61	0.10 ± 0.64	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.00 ± 0.34	0.01 ± 0.33	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.10 ± 1.98	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.51 ± 0.51	-0.41 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.43	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.50 ± 0.53	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.32 ± 0.37	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.35 ± 0.39	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.13 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.20 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.38 ± 0.32	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.14 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.53 ± 0.43	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2009
Northern Land	-1.75 ± 4.92	-1.62 ± 4.68	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.18 ± 0.75	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-2.93 ± 5.53	-2.80 ± 5.29	-3.08 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	-0.05 ± 2.10	0.01 ± 2.10	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.70 ± 0.62	0.74 ± 0.63	0.76 ± 0.36
Tropical	0.65 ± 2.56	0.75 ± 2.56	1.11 ± 1.20
Southern Land	-0.04 ± 1.65	0.01 ± 1.63	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.60 ± 0.85	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.59 ± 2.42	-1.57 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.39 ± 2.45	-0.47 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.74 ± 0.65	-0.61 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.12 ± 2.51	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.37 ± 0.56	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.27 ± 4.27	-1.09 ± 4.01	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.56 ± 0.89	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.85 ± 5.61	-1.60 ± 5.39	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-2.19 ± 1.43	-2.04 ± 1.41	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-4.03 ± 6.81	-3.64 ± 6.58	-3.54 ± 3.21
North America	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.32 ± 1.35	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.30 ± 4.45	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.86 ± 0.65	-0.79 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.23 ± 0.80	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	-0.09 ± 2.67	0.02 ± 2.66	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.49	0.45 ± 0.50	0.42 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.15 ± 1.06	-2.09 ± 1.05	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.69 ± 0.50	-0.47 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.78 ± 1.20	-2.64 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.01 ± 1.18	-0.86 ± 1.16	-0.81 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.11 ± 4.11	-0.93 ± 3.82	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-0.65 ± 2.66	-0.69 ± 2.66	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	1.70 ± 5.36	1.63 ± 5.13	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.25 ± 4.09	-1.20 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.55 ± 3.21	-1.88 ± 1.63
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.22 ± 2.38	-1.38 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.11 ± 3.68	-0.84 ± 3.64	-0.46 ± 2.20







Table 8: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013B compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.78	1.84
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.54	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.52	0.55
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.52	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.32	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2009
Northern Land	6.36	6.05	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.45	0.15
Northern	6.84	6.50	6.49
Tropical Land	0.86	0.77	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.06
Tropical	1.03	0.93	0.87
Southern Land	0.40	0.38	0.39
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.43	0.41	0.40
Americas	2.05	2.06	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.80	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.03
Asia	3.78	3.34	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.36	0.12
All Land	7.61	7.20	7.54
All Ocean	0.68	0.64	0.22
Global	8.30	7.84	7.76
North America	1.78	1.80	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.25	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.14	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.44	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.48	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.85	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.29	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.25	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.34	1.28







Table 9: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013B compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.11 ± 0.95	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.25 ± 1.03	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	-0.04 ± 1.70	0.03 ± 1.68	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.09 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.14	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.08 ± 1.06	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 1.17	0.10 ± 1.07	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.76 ± 3.54	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.61	0.11 ± 0.64	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	-0.00 ± 0.34	0.01 ± 0.34	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.08 ± 1.97	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.50 ± 0.51	-0.42 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.48 ± 0.51	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.32 ± 0.37	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.35 ± 0.39	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.20 ± 0.25	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.36 ± 0.31	-0.18 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.14 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.52 ± 0.42	-0.67 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2008
Northern Land	-1.75 ± 4.92	-1.56 ± 4.57	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.17 ± 0.75	-1.08 ± 0.62
Northern	-2.93 ± 5.53	-2.73 ± 5.17	-3.23 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	-0.05 ± 2.10	0.07 ± 2.09	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.70 ± 0.62	0.75 ± 0.64	0.78 ± 0.36
Tropical	0.65 ± 2.56	0.82 ± 2.56	1.16 ± 1.20
Southern Land	-0.04 ± 1.65	0.04 ± 1.61	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.56 ± 0.81	-1.51 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.51 ± 2.37	-1.45 ± 1.69
Americas	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.39 ± 2.48	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.60 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.06 ± 2.48	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.36 ± 0.55	-0.51 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.27 ± 4.27	-1.01 ± 3.87	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.52 ± 0.88	-0.53 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.85 ± 5.61	-1.45 ± 5.28	-1.70 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-2.19 ± 1.43	-1.98 ± 1.39	-1.82 ± 1.11
Global	-4.03 ± 6.81	-3.43 ± 6.45	-3.52 ± 3.20
North America	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.35 ± 1.40	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.21 ± 4.32	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.85 ± 0.65	-0.80 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.19 ± 0.77	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	-0.09 ± 2.67	0.11 ± 2.64	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.49	0.46 ± 0.50	0.43 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.15 ± 1.06	-2.05 ± 1.02	-2.14 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.68 ± 0.50	-0.46 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.73 ± 1.17	-2.60 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.01 ± 1.18	-0.81 ± 1.13	-0.74 ± 0.86
Northern Boreal Land	-1.11 ± 4.11	-0.86 ± 3.67	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-0.65 ± 2.66	-0.70 ± 2.66	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	1.70 ± 5.36	1.63 ± 5.03	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.18 ± 3.94	-1.23 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.56 ± 3.21	-2.00 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.15 ± 2.33	-1.27 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.11 ± 3.68	-0.70 ± 3.60	-0.29 ± 2.19







Table 10: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013B compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.78	1.97
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.15
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.18
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.46	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.50	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.52	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.31	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2008
Northern Land	6.36	5.97	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.44	0.19
Northern	6.84	6.40	6.55
Tropical Land	0.86	0.75	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.07
Tropical	1.03	0.90	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.37	0.38
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.01
Southern	0.43	0.41	0.39
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.04
Asia	3.78	3.24	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.36	0.15
All Land	7.61	7.08	7.55
All Ocean	0.68	0.63	0.28
Global	8.30	7.71	7.83
North America	1.78	1.80	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.16	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.12	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.43	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.47	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.76	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.22	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.16	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.31	1.28







Table 11: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013B compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.94	-0.09 ± 0.98	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.89	-0.25 ± 1.07	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	-0.04 ± 1.70	0.02 ± 1.70	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.09 ± 1.10	-0.08 ± 1.14	-0.03 ± 0.77
Northern Africa	-0.10 ± 1.06	-0.08 ± 1.06	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.06 ± 1.17	0.11 ± 1.06	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.97 ± 3.98	-0.73 ± 3.56	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.40	-0.35 ± 1.40	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.09 ± 0.61	0.12 ± 0.63	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.00 ± 0.34	0.01 ± 0.32	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.12 ± 2.04	-0.07 ± 2.00	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.51	-0.50 ± 0.51	-0.39 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.43 ± 0.44	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.52 ± 0.53	-0.47 ± 0.50	-0.49 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.31 ± 0.37	-0.27 ± 0.22
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.34 ± 0.39	-0.34 ± 0.38	-0.40 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.21 ± 0.26	-0.19 ± 0.24	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.43 ± 0.35	-0.35 ± 0.30	-0.22 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.14 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.15
South Indian Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.51 ± 0.41	-0.64 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2007B
Northern Land	-1.75 ± 4.92	-1.50 ± 4.62	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.17 ± 0.74	-1.15 ± 0.74	-1.05 ± 0.62
Northern	-2.93 ± 5.53	-2.65 ± 5.22	-3.00 ± 2.22
Tropical Land	-0.05 ± 2.10	0.06 ± 2.11	0.30 ± 0.87
Tropical Ocean	0.70 ± 0.62	0.76 ± 0.65	0.74 ± 0.38
Tropical	0.65 ± 2.56	0.82 ± 2.59	1.05 ± 1.21
Southern Land	-0.04 ± 1.65	0.04 ± 1.60	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.72 ± 0.88	-1.52 ± 0.80	-1.49 ± 0.68
Southern	-1.76 ± 2.48	-1.48 ± 2.35	-1.41 ± 1.68
Americas	-0.41 ± 2.41	-0.41 ± 2.53	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.73 ± 0.64	-0.71 ± 0.64	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 2.58	-0.04 ± 2.51	-0.06 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.41 ± 0.58	-0.35 ± 0.54	-0.48 ± 0.29
Asia	-1.27 ± 4.27	-0.95 ± 3.89	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.61 ± 0.89	-0.50 ± 0.88	-0.48 ± 0.64
All Land	-1.85 ± 5.61	-1.40 ± 5.33	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-2.19 ± 1.43	-1.91 ± 1.39	-1.80 ± 1.14
Global	-4.03 ± 6.81	-3.31 ± 6.49	-3.36 ± 3.19
North America	-0.28 ± 1.29	-0.34 ± 1.45	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.48 ± 4.72	-1.16 ± 4.36	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.87 ± 0.65	-0.84 ± 0.64	-0.78 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.28 ± 0.82	-1.17 ± 0.75	-1.27 ± 0.65
Tropical and Southern Land	-0.09 ± 2.67	0.10 ± 2.65	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.49	0.47 ± 0.51	0.40 ± 0.25
Temperate Oceans	-2.15 ± 1.06	-2.01 ± 1.01	-2.05 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.52	-0.66 ± 0.49	-0.50 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-2.89 ± 1.22	-2.67 ± 1.16	-2.55 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-1.01 ± 1.18	-0.76 ± 1.13	-0.75 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-1.11 ± 4.11	-0.83 ± 3.70	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-0.65 ± 2.66	-0.67 ± 2.70	-1.16 ± 1.11
Tropical land minus northern land	1.70 ± 5.36	1.56 ± 5.08	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.41 ± 4.37	-1.14 ± 3.96	-1.05 ± 1.35
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.51 ± 3.22	-1.51 ± 3.25	-1.94 ± 1.66
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.32 ± 2.42	-1.13 ± 2.31	-1.19 ± 1.65
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-1.11 ± 3.68	-0.66 ± 3.60	-0.37 ± 2.20







Table 12: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013B compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.77	1.91
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.17
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.37	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.49	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.50	1.52	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.30	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013B	CT2013B	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.36	5.87	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.43	0.26
Northern	6.84	6.30	6.44
Tropical Land	0.86	0.73	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.12
Tropical	1.03	0.88	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.37	0.35
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.03
Southern	0.43	0.40	0.38
Americas	2.05	2.04	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.78	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.10
Asia	3.78	3.13	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.35	0.19
All Land	7.61	6.96	7.29
All Ocean	0.68	0.62	0.41
Global	8.30	7.58	7.70
North America	1.78	1.80	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.07	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.39	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.09	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.42	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.47	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.20	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.66	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.14	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.06	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.28	1.26







Table 13: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013 compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	-0.17 ± 0.80	-0.15 ± 0.76	-0.13 ± 0.91
North American Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.78	-0.49 ± 0.83	-0.45 ± 0.87
South American Tropical	0.01 ± 1.63	0.03 ± 1.63	0.18 ± 1.53
South American Temperate	0.04 ± 1.13	0.07 ± 1.15	0.09 ± 1.18
Northern Africa	-0.09 ± 1.01	-0.09 ± 1.02	-0.05 ± 0.99
Southern Africa	0.08 ± 1.11	0.09 ± 1.08	0.13 ± 1.02
Eurasia Boreal	-0.99 ± 3.49	-0.91 ± 3.37	-0.96 ± 3.40
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.36 ± 1.32	-0.37 ± 1.35
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.56	0.13 ± 0.57	0.16 ± 0.55
Australia	0.02 ± 0.32	0.02 ± 0.32	-0.02 ± 0.46
Europe	-0.38 ± 1.81	-0.34 ± 1.77	-0.35 ± 1.82
North Pacific Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.44	-0.43 ± 0.43	-0.40 ± 0.46
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.10
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.43	0.35 ± 0.38
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.56	-0.53 ± 0.55	-0.58 ± 0.61
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.24 ± 0.30
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.39 ± 0.43
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.18 ± 0.20
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.18 ± 0.22	-0.17 ± 0.22	-0.17 ± 0.22
Southern Ocean	-0.31 ± 0.30	-0.28 ± 0.29	-0.27 ± 0.28
Indian Tropical	0.15 ± 0.27	0.15 ± 0.27	0.18 ± 0.30
South Indian Temperate	-0.53 ± 0.45	-0.52 ± 0.44	-0.67 ± 0.47
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	-2.35 ± 4.36	-2.27 ± 4.25	-2.27 ± 4.33
Northern Oceans	-1.04 ± 0.67	-1.04 ± 0.66	-1.02 ± 0.71
Northern	-3.39 ± 4.90	-3.30 ± 4.78	-3.30 ± 4.93
Tropical Land	0.04 ± 2.00	0.07 ± 2.02	0.29 ± 1.90
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.62	0.73 ± 0.63	0.72 ± 0.66
Tropical	0.75 ± 2.47	0.80 ± 2.48	1.01 ± 2.38
Southern Land	0.14 ± 1.63	0.19 ± 1.62	0.20 ± 1.63
Ocean in South	-1.56 ± 0.89	-1.50 ± 0.88	-1.69 ± 0.94
Southern	-1.41 ± 2.47	-1.32 ± 2.45	-1.49 ± 2.53
Americas	-0.56 ± 2.29	-0.55 ± 2.31	-0.32 ± 2.32
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.61 ± 0.64
Eurasia and Africa	-0.38 ± 2.36	-0.34 ± 2.32	-0.28 ± 2.31
Indian Ocean	-0.39 ± 0.58	-0.37 ± 0.57	-0.50 ± 0.62
Asia	-1.23 ± 3.80	-1.13 ± 3.69	-1.19 ± 3.73
Pacific Ocean	-0.54 ± 0.87	-0.51 ± 0.87	-0.62 ± 0.88
All Land	-2.17 ± 5.07	-2.01 ± 4.98	-1.79 ± 5.00
All Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.36	-1.80 ± 1.36	-2.00 ± 1.44
Global	-4.05 ± 6.22	-3.82 ± 6.12	-3.78 ± 6.21
North America	-0.61 ± 1.13	-0.65 ± 1.13	-0.59 ± 1.27
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.74 ± 4.18	-1.62 ± 4.07	-1.69 ± 4.12
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.74 ± 0.56	-0.73 ± 0.56	-0.79 ± 0.65
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.25 ± 0.86	-1.22 ± 0.84	-1.42 ± 0.90
Tropical and Southern Land	0.18 ± 2.59	0.25 ± 2.59	0.48 ± 2.50
Tropical Pacific	0.44 ± 0.49	0.45 ± 0.49	0.37 ± 0.45
Temperate Oceans	-1.99 ± 1.03	-1.95 ± 1.02	-2.21 ± 1.11
High Latitude Oceans	-0.61 ± 0.47	-0.59 ± 0.46	-0.51 ± 0.41
Extratropical Oceans	-2.60 ± 1.15	-2.54 ± 1.14	-2.72 ± 1.25
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.84 ± 1.19	-0.77 ± 1.18	-0.97 ± 1.21
Northern Boreal Land	-1.16 ± 3.59	-1.07 ± 3.46	-1.09 ± 3.52
Northern Temperate Land	-1.19 ± 2.41	-1.20 ± 2.39	-1.18 ± 2.47
Tropical land minus northern land	2.38 ± 4.80	2.34 ± 4.70	2.56 ± 4.74
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.45 ± 3.83	-1.37 ± 3.71	-1.33 ± 3.73
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.93 ± 2.89	-1.93 ± 2.87	-1.96 ± 3.03
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.10 ± 2.44	-1.03 ± 2.42	-1.22 ± 2.49
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.66 ± 3.60	-0.51 ± 3.60	-0.49 ± 3.52







Table 14: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013 compared to CT2011_oi, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2010
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2011_oi
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.03
North American Temperate	1.75	1.76	1.81
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.19	0.19
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.71	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.55	0.56
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.33	0.23
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.01
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.01
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.06
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.04
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.09	0.07
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2010
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2011_oi
Northern Land	6.36	6.19	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.46	0.32
Northern	6.84	6.65	6.68
Tropical Land	0.86	0.81	0.82
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.17	0.12
Tropical	1.03	0.98	0.95
Southern Land	0.40	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.03
Southern	0.43	0.42	0.42
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.10
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.19	0.13
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.08
Asia	3.78	3.55	3.63
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.38	0.26
All Land	7.61	7.39	7.58
All Ocean	0.68	0.66	0.47
Global	8.30	8.05	8.05
North America	1.78	1.79	1.83
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.40	4.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.29
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.20	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.02
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.46	0.32
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.50	0.35
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.15
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.22
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.98	6.14
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.38	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.25
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.40	6.43
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.42
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.40	1.37







Table 15: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013 compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2010
North American Boreal	-0.17 ± 0.80	-0.15 ± 0.76	-0.11 ± 0.35
North American Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.78	-0.51 ± 0.86	-0.49 ± 0.39
South American Tropical	0.01 ± 1.63	0.01 ± 1.61	0.13 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	0.04 ± 1.13	0.07 ± 1.16	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.09 ± 1.01	-0.08 ± 1.02	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.08 ± 1.11	0.07 ± 1.10	0.10 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.99 ± 3.49	-0.89 ± 3.34	-0.83 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.39 ± 1.34	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.56	0.12 ± 0.58	0.15 ± 0.20
Australia	0.02 ± 0.32	0.03 ± 0.31	-0.09 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.38 ± 1.81	-0.32 ± 1.77	-0.28 ± 0.75
North Pacific Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.44	-0.43 ± 0.43	-0.40 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.42	0.39 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.56	-0.53 ± 0.55	-0.57 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.31 ± 0.35	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.35	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.18 ± 0.22	-0.17 ± 0.21	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.31 ± 0.30	-0.27 ± 0.28	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.15 ± 0.27	0.15 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.53 ± 0.45	-0.51 ± 0.43	-0.69 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2010
Northern Land	-2.35 ± 4.36	-2.26 ± 4.23	-2.06 ± 1.62
Northern Oceans	-1.04 ± 0.67	-1.04 ± 0.66	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.39 ± 4.90	-3.30 ± 4.76	-3.13 ± 2.23
Tropical Land	0.04 ± 2.00	0.05 ± 2.00	0.30 ± 0.85
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.62	0.74 ± 0.63	0.75 ± 0.36
Tropical	0.75 ± 2.47	0.78 ± 2.46	1.06 ± 1.19
Southern Land	0.14 ± 1.63	0.17 ± 1.63	-0.02 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.56 ± 0.89	-1.48 ± 0.87	-1.58 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.41 ± 2.47	-1.30 ± 2.45	-1.60 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.56 ± 2.29	-0.58 ± 2.30	-0.50 ± 1.15
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.62 ± 0.60
Eurasia and Africa	-0.38 ± 2.36	-0.33 ± 2.33	-0.16 ± 1.09
Indian Ocean	-0.39 ± 0.58	-0.36 ± 0.57	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.23 ± 3.80	-1.13 ± 3.67	-1.11 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.54 ± 0.87	-0.51 ± 0.87	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-2.17 ± 5.07	-2.04 ± 4.96	-1.78 ± 2.10
All Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.36	-1.78 ± 1.35	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-4.05 ± 6.22	-3.82 ± 6.09	-3.67 ± 3.19
North America	-0.61 ± 1.13	-0.66 ± 1.15	-0.60 ± 0.53
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.74 ± 4.18	-1.60 ± 4.04	-1.46 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.74 ± 0.56	-0.73 ± 0.56	-0.77 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.25 ± 0.86	-1.21 ± 0.84	-1.39 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.18 ± 2.59	0.22 ± 2.59	0.28 ± 1.34
Tropical Pacific	0.44 ± 0.49	0.45 ± 0.49	0.41 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-1.99 ± 1.03	-1.94 ± 1.01	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.61 ± 0.47	-0.58 ± 0.46	-0.48 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.60 ± 1.15	-2.52 ± 1.13	-2.65 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.84 ± 1.19	-0.74 ± 1.17	-0.83 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.16 ± 3.59	-1.04 ± 3.43	-0.94 ± 1.21
Northern Temperate Land	-1.19 ± 2.41	-1.22 ± 2.41	-1.12 ± 1.02
Tropical land minus northern land	2.38 ± 4.80	2.31 ± 4.68	2.36 ± 1.84
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.45 ± 3.83	-1.35 ± 3.68	-1.23 ± 1.40
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.93 ± 2.89	-1.95 ± 2.88	-1.89 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.10 ± 2.44	-1.03 ± 2.43	-1.41 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.66 ± 3.60	-0.52 ± 3.58	-0.54 ± 2.19







Table 16: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013 compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2010
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.77	1.83
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.62	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.53	0.57
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.11
Europe	1.50	1.51	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.32	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2010
Northern Land	6.36	6.11	6.35
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.45	0.15
Northern	6.84	6.56	6.50
Tropical Land	0.86	0.79	0.83
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.06
Tropical	1.03	0.95	0.89
Southern Land	0.40	0.38	0.40
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.43	0.42	0.41
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.11
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.03
Asia	3.78	3.44	3.62
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.37	0.12
All Land	7.61	7.28	7.57
All Ocean	0.68	0.65	0.22
Global	8.30	7.93	7.79
North America	1.78	1.79	1.85
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.32	4.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.17	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.45	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.49	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.20	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.90	6.16
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.32	-5.52
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.31	6.30
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.42	0.41
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.37	1.30







Table 17: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.17 ± 0.80	-0.14 ± 0.75	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.78	-0.50 ± 0.89	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	0.01 ± 1.63	0.03 ± 1.60	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	0.04 ± 1.13	0.06 ± 1.18	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.09 ± 1.01	-0.08 ± 1.04	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.08 ± 1.11	0.10 ± 1.05	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.99 ± 3.49	-0.87 ± 3.31	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.38 ± 1.32	-0.35 ± 0.55
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.56	0.13 ± 0.59	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	0.02 ± 0.32	0.04 ± 0.31	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.38 ± 1.81	-0.30 ± 1.76	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.44	-0.43 ± 0.43	-0.41 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.03 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.42	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.56	-0.52 ± 0.55	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.31 ± 0.35	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.35	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.18 ± 0.22	-0.17 ± 0.21	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.31 ± 0.30	-0.26 ± 0.28	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.15 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.53 ± 0.45	-0.50 ± 0.42	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2009
Northern Land	-2.35 ± 4.36	-2.19 ± 4.21	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.04 ± 0.67	-1.04 ± 0.66	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.39 ± 4.90	-3.23 ± 4.74	-3.08 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.04 ± 2.00	0.09 ± 2.00	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.62	0.75 ± 0.63	0.76 ± 0.36
Tropical	0.75 ± 2.47	0.84 ± 2.47	1.11 ± 1.20
Southern Land	0.14 ± 1.63	0.20 ± 1.62	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-1.56 ± 0.89	-1.45 ± 0.85	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.41 ± 2.47	-1.25 ± 2.42	-1.57 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.56 ± 2.29	-0.55 ± 2.32	-0.47 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.61 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.38 ± 2.36	-0.28 ± 2.31	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.39 ± 0.58	-0.35 ± 0.56	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.23 ± 3.80	-1.08 ± 3.64	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.54 ± 0.87	-0.49 ± 0.87	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-2.17 ± 5.07	-1.90 ± 4.94	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.36	-1.74 ± 1.35	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-4.05 ± 6.22	-3.64 ± 6.07	-3.54 ± 3.21
North America	-0.61 ± 1.13	-0.64 ± 1.17	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.74 ± 4.18	-1.55 ± 4.01	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.74 ± 0.56	-0.73 ± 0.56	-0.79 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.25 ± 0.86	-1.19 ± 0.82	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.18 ± 2.59	0.28 ± 2.58	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.44 ± 0.49	0.45 ± 0.49	0.42 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-1.99 ± 1.03	-1.92 ± 1.00	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.61 ± 0.47	-0.57 ± 0.46	-0.47 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.60 ± 1.15	-2.49 ± 1.12	-2.64 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.84 ± 1.19	-0.70 ± 1.16	-0.81 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.16 ± 3.59	-1.01 ± 3.41	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-1.19 ± 2.41	-1.18 ± 2.40	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	2.38 ± 4.80	2.28 ± 4.66	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.45 ± 3.83	-1.32 ± 3.66	-1.20 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.93 ± 2.89	-1.91 ± 2.88	-1.88 ± 1.63
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.10 ± 2.44	-0.99 ± 2.40	-1.38 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.66 ± 3.60	-0.42 ± 3.57	-0.46 ± 2.20







Table 18: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.78	1.84
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.17	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.54	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.52	0.55
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.52	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.32	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2009
Northern Land	6.36	6.05	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.45	0.15
Northern	6.84	6.50	6.49
Tropical Land	0.86	0.77	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.06
Tropical	1.03	0.93	0.87
Southern Land	0.40	0.38	0.39
Ocean in South	0.04	0.04	0.01
Southern	0.43	0.41	0.40
Americas	2.05	2.06	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.80	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.10	0.03
Asia	3.78	3.34	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.36	0.12
All Land	7.61	7.20	7.54
All Ocean	0.68	0.64	0.22
Global	8.30	7.84	7.76
North America	1.78	1.80	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.25	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.14	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.44	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.48	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.85	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.29	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.25	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.25	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.34	1.28







Table 19: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.17 ± 0.80	-0.14 ± 0.77	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.78	-0.53 ± 0.93	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.01 ± 1.63	0.07 ± 1.59	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	0.04 ± 1.13	0.06 ± 1.19	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.09 ± 1.01	-0.07 ± 1.04	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.08 ± 1.11	0.14 ± 1.01	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.99 ± 3.49	-0.82 ± 3.25	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.56	0.15 ± 0.59	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	0.02 ± 0.32	0.04 ± 0.32	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.38 ± 1.81	-0.27 ± 1.76	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.44	-0.42 ± 0.43	-0.42 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.04 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.43	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.56	-0.50 ± 0.53	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.30 ± 0.35	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.30 ± 0.35	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.18 ± 0.22	-0.16 ± 0.21	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.31 ± 0.30	-0.26 ± 0.27	-0.18 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.15 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.53 ± 0.45	-0.49 ± 0.41	-0.67 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2008
Northern Land	-2.35 ± 4.36	-2.14 ± 4.18	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.04 ± 0.67	-1.02 ± 0.66	-1.08 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.39 ± 4.90	-3.16 ± 4.70	-3.23 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.04 ± 2.00	0.15 ± 2.00	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.62	0.76 ± 0.63	0.78 ± 0.36
Tropical	0.75 ± 2.47	0.90 ± 2.46	1.16 ± 1.20
Southern Land	0.14 ± 1.63	0.24 ± 1.59	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.56 ± 0.89	-1.41 ± 0.83	-1.51 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.41 ± 2.47	-1.18 ± 2.38	-1.45 ± 1.69
Americas	-0.56 ± 2.29	-0.54 ± 2.34	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.62 ± 0.58	-0.60 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.38 ± 2.36	-0.20 ± 2.28	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.39 ± 0.58	-0.34 ± 0.55	-0.51 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.23 ± 3.80	-1.02 ± 3.59	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.54 ± 0.87	-0.46 ± 0.86	-0.53 ± 0.62
All Land	-2.17 ± 5.07	-1.75 ± 4.90	-1.70 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.36	-1.68 ± 1.33	-1.82 ± 1.11
Global	-4.05 ± 6.22	-3.43 ± 6.01	-3.52 ± 3.20
North America	-0.61 ± 1.13	-0.67 ± 1.22	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.74 ± 4.18	-1.47 ± 3.97	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.74 ± 0.56	-0.72 ± 0.55	-0.80 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.25 ± 0.86	-1.16 ± 0.80	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.18 ± 2.59	0.38 ± 2.56	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.44 ± 0.49	0.46 ± 0.50	0.43 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-1.99 ± 1.03	-1.88 ± 0.98	-2.14 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.61 ± 0.47	-0.56 ± 0.45	-0.46 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-2.60 ± 1.15	-2.44 ± 1.10	-2.60 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.84 ± 1.19	-0.66 ± 1.14	-0.74 ± 0.86
Northern Boreal Land	-1.16 ± 3.59	-0.97 ± 3.35	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-1.19 ± 2.41	-1.17 ± 2.43	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	2.38 ± 4.80	2.28 ± 4.63	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.45 ± 3.83	-1.27 ± 3.59	-1.23 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.93 ± 2.89	-1.89 ± 2.90	-2.00 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.10 ± 2.44	-0.92 ± 2.35	-1.27 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.66 ± 3.60	-0.27 ± 3.53	-0.29 ± 2.19







Table 20: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.78	1.97
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.15
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.18
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.46	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.50	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.50	1.52	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.31	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.05	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2008
Northern Land	6.36	5.97	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.44	0.19
Northern	6.84	6.40	6.55
Tropical Land	0.86	0.75	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.16	0.07
Tropical	1.03	0.90	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.37	0.38
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.01
Southern	0.43	0.41	0.39
Americas	2.05	2.05	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.79	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.04
Asia	3.78	3.24	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.36	0.15
All Land	7.61	7.08	7.55
All Ocean	0.68	0.63	0.28
Global	8.30	7.71	7.83
North America	1.78	1.80	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.16	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.12	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.43	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.47	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.76	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.22	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.16	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.41	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.31	1.28







Table 21: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2013 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2012	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.17 ± 0.80	-0.13 ± 0.79	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.78	-0.52 ± 0.97	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.01 ± 1.63	0.04 ± 1.61	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	0.04 ± 1.13	0.04 ± 1.21	-0.03 ± 0.77
Northern Africa	-0.09 ± 1.01	-0.06 ± 1.04	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.08 ± 1.11	0.15 ± 1.00	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.99 ± 3.49	-0.81 ± 3.25	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.38 ± 1.33	-0.36 ± 1.34	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.12 ± 0.56	0.16 ± 0.58	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	0.02 ± 0.32	0.04 ± 0.31	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.38 ± 1.81	-0.26 ± 1.78	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.44 ± 0.44	-0.42 ± 0.43	-0.39 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.03 ± 0.13	0.04 ± 0.13	0.02 ± 0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.43	0.42 ± 0.43	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.56	-0.49 ± 0.52	-0.49 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.30 ± 0.34	-0.27 ± 0.22
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.30 ± 0.36	-0.29 ± 0.34	-0.40 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.13 ± 0.17	0.14 ± 0.17	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.18 ± 0.22	-0.16 ± 0.21	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.31 ± 0.30	-0.25 ± 0.27	-0.22 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.15 ± 0.27	0.16 ± 0.28	0.16 ± 0.15
South Indian Temperate	-0.53 ± 0.45	-0.49 ± 0.40	-0.64 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2007B
Northern Land	-2.35 ± 4.36	-2.07 ± 4.20	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.04 ± 0.67	-1.01 ± 0.65	-1.05 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.39 ± 4.90	-3.08 ± 4.72	-3.00 ± 2.22
Tropical Land	0.04 ± 2.00	0.14 ± 2.00	0.30 ± 0.87
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.62	0.76 ± 0.64	0.74 ± 0.38
Tropical	0.75 ± 2.47	0.90 ± 2.47	1.05 ± 1.21
Southern Land	0.14 ± 1.63	0.23 ± 1.60	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.56 ± 0.89	-1.39 ± 0.82	-1.49 ± 0.68
Southern	-1.41 ± 2.47	-1.15 ± 2.37	-1.41 ± 1.68
Americas	-0.56 ± 2.29	-0.56 ± 2.38	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.64 ± 0.59	-0.61 ± 0.58	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.38 ± 2.36	-0.17 ± 2.29	-0.06 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.39 ± 0.58	-0.33 ± 0.54	-0.48 ± 0.29
Asia	-1.23 ± 3.80	-0.97 ± 3.60	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.54 ± 0.87	-0.45 ± 0.86	-0.48 ± 0.64
All Land	-2.17 ± 5.07	-1.70 ± 4.93	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.36	-1.63 ± 1.32	-1.80 ± 1.14
Global	-4.05 ± 6.22	-3.33 ± 6.03	-3.36 ± 3.19
North America	-0.61 ± 1.13	-0.65 ± 1.26	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.74 ± 4.18	-1.43 ± 3.99	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.74 ± 0.56	-0.71 ± 0.55	-0.78 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.25 ± 0.86	-1.14 ± 0.79	-1.27 ± 0.65
Tropical and Southern Land	0.18 ± 2.59	0.37 ± 2.57	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.44 ± 0.49	0.46 ± 0.50	0.40 ± 0.25
Temperate Oceans	-1.99 ± 1.03	-1.85 ± 0.97	-2.05 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.61 ± 0.47	-0.54 ± 0.44	-0.50 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-2.60 ± 1.15	-2.39 ± 1.09	-2.55 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.84 ± 1.19	-0.63 ± 1.14	-0.75 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-1.16 ± 3.59	-0.94 ± 3.36	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-1.19 ± 2.41	-1.13 ± 2.46	-1.16 ± 1.11
Tropical land minus northern land	2.38 ± 4.80	2.21 ± 4.66	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.45 ± 3.83	-1.23 ± 3.60	-1.05 ± 1.35
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.93 ± 2.89	-1.85 ± 2.93	-1.94 ± 1.66
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.10 ± 2.44	-0.91 ± 2.34	-1.19 ± 1.65
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.66 ± 3.60	-0.25 ± 3.53	-0.37 ± 2.20







Table 22: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2013 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2012	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.75	1.77	1.91
South American Tropical	0.11	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.17	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.17
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.90	2.37	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.59	0.49	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.50	1.52	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.34	0.30	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.02	0.02	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.09	0.09	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.05	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.09	0.08	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2012	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2013	CT2013	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.36	5.87	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.47	0.43	0.26
Northern	6.84	6.30	6.44
Tropical Land	0.86	0.73	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.17	0.15	0.12
Tropical	1.03	0.88	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.37	0.35
Ocean in South	0.04	0.03	0.03
Southern	0.43	0.40	0.38
Americas	2.05	2.04	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.19	0.18	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.79	1.78	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.10	0.09	0.10
Asia	3.78	3.13	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.39	0.35	0.19
All Land	7.61	6.96	7.29
All Ocean	0.68	0.62	0.41
Global	8.30	7.58	7.70
North America	1.78	1.80	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.59	4.07	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.43	0.39	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.04	0.03	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.25	1.09	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.03	0.03	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.47	0.42	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.04	0.04	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.51	0.47	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.21	0.19	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.20	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.66	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.51	-5.14	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.26	0.24	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.58	6.06	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.43	0.40	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.46	1.28	1.26







Table 23: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2011_oi compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2010	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2010
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.91	-0.13 ± 0.91	-0.11 ± 0.35
North American Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.87	-0.47 ± 0.90	-0.49 ± 0.39
South American Tropical	0.18 ± 1.53	0.17 ± 1.50	0.13 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	0.09 ± 1.18	0.10 ± 1.18	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.05 ± 0.99	-0.06 ± 0.99	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.13 ± 1.02	0.12 ± 1.03	0.10 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.96 ± 3.40	-0.94 ± 3.38	-0.83 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.37 ± 1.35	-0.39 ± 1.34	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.16 ± 0.55	0.15 ± 0.55	0.15 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.09 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.35 ± 1.82	-0.35 ± 1.83	-0.28 ± 0.75
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.46	-0.40 ± 0.46	-0.40 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.35 ± 0.38	0.35 ± 0.38	0.39 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.58 ± 0.61	-0.58 ± 0.60	-0.57 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.38 ± 0.42	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.18 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.17 ± 0.22	-0.16 ± 0.21	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.27 ± 0.28	-0.26 ± 0.27	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.18 ± 0.30	0.18 ± 0.31	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.67 ± 0.47	-0.66 ± 0.46	-0.69 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2010
Northern Land	-2.27 ± 4.33	-2.28 ± 4.33	-2.06 ± 1.62
Northern Oceans	-1.02 ± 0.71	-1.02 ± 0.71	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.30 ± 4.93	-3.30 ± 4.91	-3.13 ± 2.23
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 1.90	0.26 ± 1.88	0.30 ± 0.85
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.66	0.73 ± 0.67	0.75 ± 0.36
Tropical	1.01 ± 2.38	0.98 ± 2.36	1.06 ± 1.19
Southern Land	0.20 ± 1.63	0.19 ± 1.64	-0.02 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.69 ± 0.94	-1.65 ± 0.91	-1.58 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.49 ± 2.53	-1.46 ± 2.51	-1.60 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.32 ± 2.32	-0.34 ± 2.31	-0.50 ± 1.15
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.61 ± 0.64	-0.60 ± 0.63	-0.62 ± 0.60
Eurasia and Africa	-0.28 ± 2.31	-0.30 ± 2.32	-0.16 ± 1.09
Indian Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.62	-0.48 ± 0.60	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.19 ± 3.73	-1.20 ± 3.71	-1.11 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.62 ± 0.88	-0.60 ± 0.88	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.79 ± 5.00	-1.83 ± 4.99	-1.78 ± 2.10
All Ocean	-2.00 ± 1.44	-1.94 ± 1.42	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-3.78 ± 6.21	-3.77 ± 6.17	-3.67 ± 3.19
North America	-0.59 ± 1.27	-0.60 ± 1.29	-0.60 ± 0.53
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.69 ± 4.12	-1.68 ± 4.11	-1.46 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.79 ± 0.65	-0.78 ± 0.64	-0.77 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.42 ± 0.90	-1.40 ± 0.87	-1.39 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.48 ± 2.50	0.45 ± 2.49	0.28 ± 1.34
Tropical Pacific	0.37 ± 0.45	0.37 ± 0.45	0.41 ± 0.23
Temperate Oceans	-2.21 ± 1.11	-2.17 ± 1.09	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.51 ± 0.41	-0.50 ± 0.40	-0.48 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.72 ± 1.25	-2.67 ± 1.23	-2.65 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.97 ± 1.21	-0.92 ± 1.19	-0.83 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.09 ± 3.52	-1.07 ± 3.51	-0.94 ± 1.21
Northern Temperate Land	-1.18 ± 2.47	-1.21 ± 2.48	-1.12 ± 1.02
Tropical land minus northern land	2.56 ± 4.74	2.53 ± 4.72	2.36 ± 1.84
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.33 ± 3.73	-1.31 ± 3.72	-1.23 ± 1.40
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 3.03	-1.99 ± 3.03	-1.89 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.22 ± 2.49	-1.21 ± 2.47	-1.41 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.49 ± 3.52	-0.48 ± 3.48	-0.54 ± 2.19







Table 24: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2011_oi compared to CT2010, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2010	2001-2009
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2010
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.81	1.81	1.83
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.16	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.19	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.69	2.78
Tropical Asia	0.56	0.55	0.57
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.11
Europe	1.55	1.56	1.55
North Pacific Temperate	0.23	0.23	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.06	0.06	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.04	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.07	0.06	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2009
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2010
Northern Land	6.36	6.27	6.35
Northern Oceans	0.32	0.32	0.15
Northern	6.68	6.59	6.50
Tropical Land	0.82	0.80	0.83
Tropical Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.06
Tropical	0.95	0.92	0.89
Southern Land	0.40	0.39	0.40
Ocean in South	0.03	0.03	0.01
Southern	0.42	0.42	0.41
Americas	2.10	2.10	2.11
Atlantic and Arctic	0.13	0.13	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.84	1.84
Indian Ocean	0.08	0.07	0.03
Asia	3.63	3.52	3.62
Pacific Ocean	0.26	0.26	0.12
All Land	7.58	7.46	7.57
All Ocean	0.47	0.46	0.22
Global	8.05	7.93	7.79
North America	1.83	1.84	1.85
Extratropical Eurasia	4.52	4.43	4.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.29	0.29	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.02	0.02	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.19	1.22
Tropical Pacific	0.02	0.02	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.32	0.31	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.03	0.03	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.35	0.34	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.14	6.06	6.16
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.53	-5.47	-5.52
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.25	0.24	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.43	6.34	6.30
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.42	0.42	0.41
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.37	1.34	1.30







Table 25: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2011_oi compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2010	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.91	-0.10 ± 0.88	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.87	-0.47 ± 0.94	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	0.18 ± 1.53	0.18 ± 1.51	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	0.09 ± 1.18	0.09 ± 1.19	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.05 ± 0.99	-0.05 ± 1.00	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.13 ± 1.02	0.14 ± 0.98	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.96 ± 3.40	-0.93 ± 3.36	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.37 ± 1.35	-0.37 ± 1.33	-0.35 ± 0.55
Tropical Asia	0.16 ± 0.55	0.16 ± 0.56	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.35 ± 1.82	-0.34 ± 1.83	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.46	-0.40 ± 0.47	-0.41 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.35 ± 0.38	0.36 ± 0.38	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.58 ± 0.61	-0.56 ± 0.59	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.38 ± 0.41	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.18 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.17 ± 0.22	-0.16 ± 0.21	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.27 ± 0.28	-0.25 ± 0.26	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.18 ± 0.30	0.18 ± 0.31	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.67 ± 0.47	-0.65 ± 0.45	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2009
Northern Land	-2.27 ± 4.33	-2.21 ± 4.32	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.02 ± 0.71	-1.02 ± 0.71	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.30 ± 4.93	-3.23 ± 4.90	-3.08 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 1.90	0.28 ± 1.89	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.66	0.74 ± 0.67	0.76 ± 0.36
Tropical	1.01 ± 2.38	1.02 ± 2.37	1.11 ± 1.20
Southern Land	0.20 ± 1.63	0.21 ± 1.61	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-1.69 ± 0.94	-1.62 ± 0.90	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.49 ± 2.53	-1.41 ± 2.47	-1.57 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.32 ± 2.32	-0.30 ± 2.33	-0.47 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.61 ± 0.64	-0.60 ± 0.63	-0.61 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.28 ± 2.31	-0.25 ± 2.31	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.62	-0.47 ± 0.60	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.19 ± 3.73	-1.16 ± 3.70	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.62 ± 0.88	-0.59 ± 0.87	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.79 ± 5.00	-1.71 ± 4.98	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-2.00 ± 1.44	-1.91 ± 1.41	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-3.78 ± 6.21	-3.62 ± 6.15	-3.54 ± 3.21
North America	-0.59 ± 1.27	-0.57 ± 1.30	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.69 ± 4.12	-1.64 ± 4.10	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.79 ± 0.65	-0.78 ± 0.64	-0.79 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.42 ± 0.90	-1.37 ± 0.86	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.48 ± 2.50	0.50 ± 2.48	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.37 ± 0.45	0.38 ± 0.45	0.42 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.21 ± 1.11	-2.15 ± 1.08	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.51 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 0.40	-0.47 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.72 ± 1.25	-2.64 ± 1.23	-2.64 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.97 ± 1.21	-0.88 ± 1.17	-0.81 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-1.09 ± 3.52	-1.03 ± 3.48	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-1.18 ± 2.47	-1.17 ± 2.49	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	2.56 ± 4.74	2.49 ± 4.72	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.33 ± 3.73	-1.28 ± 3.69	-1.20 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 3.03	-1.95 ± 3.04	-1.88 ± 1.63
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.22 ± 2.49	-1.16 ± 2.43	-1.38 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.49 ± 3.52	-0.39 ± 3.46	-0.46 ± 2.20







Table 26: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2011_oi compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2010	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.81	1.82	1.84
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.16	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.19	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.61	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.56	0.53	0.55
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.55	1.57	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.23	0.22	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.06	0.06	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.04	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.07	0.06	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2009
Northern Land	6.36	6.21	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.32	0.32	0.15
Northern	6.68	6.53	6.49
Tropical Land	0.82	0.78	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.06
Tropical	0.95	0.90	0.87
Southern Land	0.40	0.39	0.39
Ocean in South	0.03	0.02	0.01
Southern	0.42	0.41	0.40
Americas	2.10	2.11	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.13	0.13	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.84	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.08	0.07	0.03
Asia	3.63	3.43	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.26	0.25	0.12
All Land	7.58	7.38	7.54
All Ocean	0.47	0.46	0.22
Global	8.05	7.84	7.76
North America	1.83	1.85	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	4.52	4.37	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.29	0.29	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.02	0.02	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.17	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.02	0.02	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.32	0.31	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.03	0.03	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.35	0.34	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.15	0.14	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.14	6.00	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.53	-5.43	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.25	0.24	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.43	6.28	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.42	0.41	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.37	1.31	1.28







Table 27: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2011_oi compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2010	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.91	-0.08 ± 0.90	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.87	-0.50 ± 0.99	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.18 ± 1.53	0.21 ± 1.50	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	0.09 ± 1.18	0.08 ± 1.21	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	-0.05 ± 0.99	-0.05 ± 1.00	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.13 ± 1.02	0.20 ± 0.92	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.96 ± 3.40	-0.90 ± 3.31	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.37 ± 1.35	-0.37 ± 1.36	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.16 ± 0.55	0.18 ± 0.56	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.35 ± 1.82	-0.30 ± 1.84	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.46	-0.40 ± 0.47	-0.42 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.35 ± 0.38	0.35 ± 0.37	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.58 ± 0.61	-0.54 ± 0.56	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.24 ± 0.29	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.36 ± 0.40	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.18 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.17 ± 0.22	-0.15 ± 0.21	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.27 ± 0.28	-0.25 ± 0.26	-0.18 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.18 ± 0.30	0.18 ± 0.31	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.67 ± 0.47	-0.64 ± 0.44	-0.67 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2008
Northern Land	-2.27 ± 4.33	-2.16 ± 4.30	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.02 ± 0.71	-1.00 ± 0.70	-1.08 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.30 ± 4.93	-3.16 ± 4.88	-3.23 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 1.90	0.35 ± 1.89	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.66	0.74 ± 0.67	0.78 ± 0.36
Tropical	1.01 ± 2.38	1.09 ± 2.37	1.16 ± 1.20
Southern Land	0.20 ± 1.63	0.26 ± 1.59	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.69 ± 0.94	-1.58 ± 0.86	-1.51 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.49 ± 2.53	-1.32 ± 2.41	-1.45 ± 1.69
Americas	-0.32 ± 2.32	-0.29 ± 2.36	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.61 ± 0.64	-0.57 ± 0.62	-0.60 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.28 ± 2.31	-0.15 ± 2.28	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.62	-0.46 ± 0.59	-0.51 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.19 ± 3.73	-1.11 ± 3.66	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.62 ± 0.88	-0.56 ± 0.85	-0.53 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.79 ± 5.00	-1.55 ± 4.96	-1.70 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-2.00 ± 1.44	-1.84 ± 1.37	-1.82 ± 1.11
Global	-3.78 ± 6.21	-3.39 ± 6.09	-3.52 ± 3.20
North America	-0.59 ± 1.27	-0.58 ± 1.34	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.69 ± 4.12	-1.58 ± 4.07	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.79 ± 0.65	-0.76 ± 0.64	-0.80 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.42 ± 0.90	-1.33 ± 0.82	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.48 ± 2.50	0.61 ± 2.47	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.37 ± 0.45	0.37 ± 0.45	0.43 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.21 ± 1.11	-2.09 ± 1.05	-2.14 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.51 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 0.39	-0.46 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-2.72 ± 1.25	-2.58 ± 1.19	-2.60 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.97 ± 1.21	-0.84 ± 1.13	-0.74 ± 0.86
Northern Boreal Land	-1.09 ± 3.52	-0.99 ± 3.43	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-1.18 ± 2.47	-1.17 ± 2.52	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	2.56 ± 4.74	2.51 ± 4.71	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.33 ± 3.73	-1.22 ± 3.63	-1.23 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 3.03	-1.94 ± 3.07	-2.00 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.22 ± 2.49	-1.07 ± 2.37	-1.27 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.49 ± 3.52	-0.23 ± 3.40	-0.29 ± 2.19







Table 28: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2011_oi compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2010	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.81	1.82	1.97
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.16	0.16	0.15
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.18
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.53	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.56	0.51	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.55	1.56	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.23	0.22	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.06	0.06	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.04	0.04	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.07	0.06	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2008
Northern Land	6.36	6.12	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.32	0.31	0.19
Northern	6.68	6.43	6.55
Tropical Land	0.82	0.76	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.07
Tropical	0.95	0.88	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.38	0.38
Ocean in South	0.03	0.02	0.01
Southern	0.42	0.40	0.39
Americas	2.10	2.10	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.13	0.13	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.84	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.08	0.07	0.04
Asia	3.63	3.32	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.26	0.25	0.15
All Land	7.58	7.26	7.55
All Ocean	0.47	0.45	0.28
Global	8.05	7.71	7.83
North America	1.83	1.84	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	4.52	4.27	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.29	0.28	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.02	0.02	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.14	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.02	0.02	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.32	0.31	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.03	0.03	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.35	0.34	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.15	0.14	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.14	5.91	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.53	-5.36	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.25	0.24	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.43	6.19	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.42	0.40	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.37	1.28	1.28







Table 29: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2011_oi compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2010	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.13 ± 0.91	-0.08 ± 0.93	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.45 ± 0.87	-0.49 ± 1.03	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.18 ± 1.53	0.17 ± 1.53	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	0.09 ± 1.18	0.07 ± 1.24	-0.03 ± 0.77
Northern Africa	-0.05 ± 0.99	-0.04 ± 1.01	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.13 ± 1.02	0.22 ± 0.93	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.96 ± 3.40	-0.90 ± 3.30	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.37 ± 1.35	-0.35 ± 1.40	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.16 ± 0.55	0.19 ± 0.56	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.02 ± 0.46	-0.03 ± 0.46	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.35 ± 1.82	-0.26 ± 1.87	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.46	-0.41 ± 0.48	-0.39 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.10	0.02 ± 0.11	0.02 ± 0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.35 ± 0.38	0.36 ± 0.37	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.58 ± 0.61	-0.52 ± 0.55	-0.49 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.24 ± 0.30	-0.24 ± 0.29	-0.27 ± 0.22
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.39 ± 0.43	-0.36 ± 0.40	-0.40 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.18 ± 0.20	0.18 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.17 ± 0.22	-0.15 ± 0.20	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.27 ± 0.28	-0.25 ± 0.26	-0.22 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.18 ± 0.30	0.18 ± 0.31	0.16 ± 0.15
South Indian Temperate	-0.67 ± 0.47	-0.63 ± 0.42	-0.64 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2007B
Northern Land	-2.27 ± 4.33	-2.08 ± 4.34	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.02 ± 0.71	-1.00 ± 0.70	-1.05 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.30 ± 4.93	-3.08 ± 4.92	-3.00 ± 2.22
Tropical Land	0.29 ± 1.90	0.32 ± 1.92	0.30 ± 0.87
Tropical Ocean	0.72 ± 0.66	0.74 ± 0.67	0.74 ± 0.38
Tropical	1.01 ± 2.38	1.06 ± 2.40	1.05 ± 1.21
Southern Land	0.20 ± 1.63	0.26 ± 1.61	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.69 ± 0.94	-1.55 ± 0.84	-1.49 ± 0.68
Southern	-1.49 ± 2.53	-1.29 ± 2.41	-1.41 ± 1.68
Americas	-0.32 ± 2.32	-0.34 ± 2.43	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.61 ± 0.64	-0.57 ± 0.61	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.28 ± 2.31	-0.08 ± 2.31	-0.06 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.50 ± 0.62	-0.45 ± 0.58	-0.48 ± 0.29
Asia	-1.19 ± 3.73	-1.09 ± 3.67	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.62 ± 0.88	-0.55 ± 0.84	-0.48 ± 0.64
All Land	-1.79 ± 5.00	-1.50 ± 5.02	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-2.00 ± 1.44	-1.81 ± 1.36	-1.80 ± 1.14
Global	-3.78 ± 6.21	-3.31 ± 6.14	-3.36 ± 3.19
North America	-0.59 ± 1.27	-0.57 ± 1.39	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.69 ± 4.12	-1.51 ± 4.10	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.79 ± 0.65	-0.76 ± 0.64	-0.78 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.42 ± 0.90	-1.30 ± 0.80	-1.27 ± 0.65
Tropical and Southern Land	0.48 ± 2.50	0.57 ± 2.50	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.37 ± 0.45	0.38 ± 0.45	0.40 ± 0.25
Temperate Oceans	-2.21 ± 1.11	-2.06 ± 1.03	-2.05 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.51 ± 0.41	-0.48 ± 0.39	-0.50 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-2.72 ± 1.25	-2.55 ± 1.18	-2.55 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.97 ± 1.21	-0.81 ± 1.12	-0.75 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-1.09 ± 3.52	-0.98 ± 3.43	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-1.18 ± 2.47	-1.10 ± 2.58	-1.16 ± 1.11
Tropical land minus northern land	2.56 ± 4.74	2.40 ± 4.76	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.33 ± 3.73	-1.22 ± 3.63	-1.05 ± 1.35
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.96 ± 3.03	-1.86 ± 3.14	-1.94 ± 1.66
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.22 ± 2.49	-1.05 ± 2.38	-1.19 ± 1.65
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.49 ± 3.52	-0.23 ± 3.42	-0.37 ± 2.20







Table 30: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2011_oi compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2010	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.03	0.03	0.01
North American Temperate	1.81	1.81	1.91
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.16	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.16	0.14	0.17
Southern Africa	0.13	0.12	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.19	0.18	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.44	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.56	0.50	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.55	1.56	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.23	0.22	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.01	0.01	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.06	0.06	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.04	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.07	0.06	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2010	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2011_oi	CT2011_oi	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.36	6.02	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.32	0.31	0.26
Northern	6.68	6.32	6.44
Tropical Land	0.82	0.74	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.12	0.11	0.12
Tropical	0.95	0.85	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.37	0.35
Ocean in South	0.03	0.02	0.03
Southern	0.42	0.40	0.38
Americas	2.10	2.09	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.13	0.13	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.83	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.08	0.07	0.10
Asia	3.63	3.21	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.26	0.25	0.19
All Land	7.58	7.13	7.29
All Ocean	0.47	0.44	0.41
Global	8.05	7.58	7.70
North America	1.83	1.84	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.52	4.18	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.29	0.28	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.02	0.02	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.11	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.02	0.02	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.32	0.30	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.03	0.03	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.35	0.33	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.15	0.14	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.22	0.21	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.14	5.81	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.53	-5.28	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.25	0.24	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.43	6.09	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.42	0.40	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.37	1.25	1.26







Table 31: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2010 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2009	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2009
North American Boreal	-0.11 ± 0.35	-0.11 ± 0.36	-0.11 ± 0.36
North American Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.39	-0.46 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 0.41
South American Tropical	0.13 ± 0.67	0.16 ± 0.68	0.15 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.78	-0.04 ± 0.78	-0.03 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	0.02 ± 0.50	0.04 ± 0.50	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.10 ± 0.62	0.12 ± 0.63	0.12 ± 0.63
Eurasia Boreal	-0.83 ± 1.16	-0.79 ± 1.16	-0.80 ± 1.16
Eurasia Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.54	-0.35 ± 0.54	-0.35 ± 0.55
Tropical Asia	0.15 ± 0.20	0.16 ± 0.20	0.16 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.09 ± 0.31	-0.09 ± 0.32	-0.09 ± 0.32
Europe	-0.28 ± 0.75	-0.28 ± 0.76	-0.25 ± 0.76
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.39 ± 0.23	0.40 ± 0.23	0.40 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.57 ± 0.46	-0.56 ± 0.46	-0.56 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.29 ± 0.20	-0.29 ± 0.20	-0.29 ± 0.20
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.37 ± 0.42	-0.37 ± 0.41	-0.37 ± 0.42
Atlantic Tropical	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.19 ± 0.32	-0.18 ± 0.32	-0.19 ± 0.32
Indian Tropical	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.69 ± 0.24	-0.68 ± 0.24	-0.68 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2009	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2009
Northern Land	-2.06 ± 1.62	-1.99 ± 1.63	-2.00 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.07 ± 0.62	-1.07 ± 0.62	-1.07 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.13 ± 2.23	-3.06 ± 2.23	-3.08 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.85	0.36 ± 0.86	0.35 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.75 ± 0.36	0.76 ± 0.36	0.76 ± 0.36
Tropical	1.06 ± 1.19	1.12 ± 1.20	1.11 ± 1.20
Southern Land	-0.02 ± 1.04	-0.00 ± 1.05	-0.00 ± 1.05
Ocean in South	-1.58 ± 0.66	-1.56 ± 0.66	-1.57 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.60 ± 1.70	-1.57 ± 1.70	-1.57 ± 1.70
Americas	-0.50 ± 1.15	-0.45 ± 1.16	-0.47 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.62 ± 0.60	-0.61 ± 0.59	-0.61 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 1.09	-0.12 ± 1.10	-0.10 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.53 ± 0.27	-0.53 ± 0.27	-0.53 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.11 ± 1.35	-1.07 ± 1.35	-1.08 ± 1.35
Pacific Ocean	-0.56 ± 0.62	-0.55 ± 0.62	-0.56 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.78 ± 2.10	-1.64 ± 2.11	-1.65 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.12	-1.87 ± 1.12	-1.89 ± 1.12
Global	-3.67 ± 3.19	-3.51 ± 3.20	-3.54 ± 3.21
North America	-0.60 ± 0.53	-0.57 ± 0.54	-0.59 ± 0.54
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.46 ± 1.52	-1.42 ± 1.52	-1.41 ± 1.53
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.77 ± 0.60	-0.78 ± 0.60	-0.79 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.39 ± 0.63	-1.38 ± 0.63	-1.38 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.28 ± 1.34	0.35 ± 1.35	0.35 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.41 ± 0.23	0.42 ± 0.24	0.42 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.17 ± 0.82	-2.16 ± 0.82	-2.17 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.48 ± 0.36	-0.47 ± 0.36	-0.47 ± 0.36
Extratropical Oceans	-2.65 ± 0.97	-2.63 ± 0.97	-2.64 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.83 ± 0.87	-0.80 ± 0.87	-0.81 ± 0.87
Northern Boreal Land	-0.94 ± 1.21	-0.90 ± 1.21	-0.91 ± 1.22
Northern Temperate Land	-1.12 ± 1.02	-1.09 ± 1.03	-1.09 ± 1.04
Tropical land minus northern land	2.36 ± 1.84	2.35 ± 1.84	2.35 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.23 ± 1.40	-1.19 ± 1.40	-1.20 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.61	-1.87 ± 1.62	-1.88 ± 1.63
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.41 ± 1.67	-1.38 ± 1.67	-1.38 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.54 ± 2.19	-0.45 ± 2.20	-0.46 ± 2.20







Table 32: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2010 compared to CT2009, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2009	2001-2008
Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2009
North American Boreal	0.01	0.01	0.01
North American Temperate	1.83	1.84	1.84
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.10
South American Temperate	0.16	0.16	0.16
Northern Africa	0.16	0.16	0.16
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.17	0.17	0.17
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.70	2.73
Tropical Asia	0.57	0.55	0.55
Australia	0.11	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.55	1.57	1.58
North Pacific Temperate	0.11	0.11	0.11
West Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.01
North Atlantic Temperate	0.03	0.03	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.02
South Indian Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2009	2001-2008
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2009
Northern Land	6.35	6.30	6.34
Northern Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.15
Northern	6.50	6.45	6.49
Tropical Land	0.83	0.81	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.06	0.06	0.06
Tropical	0.89	0.87	0.87
Southern Land	0.40	0.39	0.39
Ocean in South	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern	0.41	0.40	0.40
Americas	2.11	2.11	2.12
Atlantic and Arctic	0.07	0.07	0.07
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.86	1.86
Indian Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.03
Asia	3.62	3.53	3.56
Pacific Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.12
All Land	7.57	7.50	7.54
All Ocean	0.22	0.22	0.22
Global	7.79	7.72	7.76
North America	1.85	1.86	1.86
Extratropical Eurasia	4.50	4.44	4.48
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.14	0.14	0.14
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.20	1.21
Tropical Pacific	0.00	0.00	0.00
Temperate Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.15
High Latitude Oceans	0.01	0.01	0.01
Extratropical Oceans	0.16	0.16	0.16
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.07	0.07	0.07
Northern Boreal Land	0.19	0.19	0.19
Northern Temperate Land	6.16	6.11	6.15
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.52	-5.49	-5.53
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.20	0.20	0.20
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.30	6.25	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.41	0.40	0.40
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.30	1.27	1.28







Table 33: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2010 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2009	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.11 ± 0.35	-0.10 ± 0.36	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.39	-0.48 ± 0.43	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.13 ± 0.67	0.20 ± 0.67	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.78	-0.04 ± 0.78	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	0.02 ± 0.50	0.03 ± 0.50	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.10 ± 0.62	0.16 ± 0.61	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.83 ± 1.16	-0.78 ± 1.15	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.54	-0.35 ± 0.55	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.15 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.21	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	-0.09 ± 0.31	-0.08 ± 0.31	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.28 ± 0.75	-0.25 ± 0.75	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.42 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.39 ± 0.23	0.41 ± 0.23	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.57 ± 0.46	-0.52 ± 0.46	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.29 ± 0.20	-0.28 ± 0.19	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.37 ± 0.42	-0.36 ± 0.41	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.19 ± 0.32	-0.18 ± 0.31	-0.18 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.69 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.23	-0.67 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2009	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2008
Northern Land	-2.06 ± 1.62	-1.95 ± 1.63	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.07 ± 0.62	-1.04 ± 0.62	-1.08 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.13 ± 2.23	-2.99 ± 2.23	-3.23 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.85	0.42 ± 0.86	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.75 ± 0.36	0.77 ± 0.36	0.78 ± 0.36
Tropical	1.06 ± 1.19	1.19 ± 1.20	1.16 ± 1.20
Southern Land	-0.02 ± 1.04	0.04 ± 1.04	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.58 ± 0.66	-1.51 ± 0.65	-1.51 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.60 ± 1.70	-1.48 ± 1.69	-1.45 ± 1.69
Americas	-0.50 ± 1.15	-0.41 ± 1.17	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.62 ± 0.60	-0.58 ± 0.59	-0.60 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 1.09	-0.06 ± 1.09	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.53 ± 0.27	-0.52 ± 0.27	-0.51 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.11 ± 1.35	-1.02 ± 1.34	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.56 ± 0.62	-0.50 ± 0.62	-0.53 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.78 ± 2.10	-1.50 ± 2.11	-1.70 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.12	-1.78 ± 1.11	-1.82 ± 1.11
Global	-3.67 ± 3.19	-3.28 ± 3.19	-3.52 ± 3.20
North America	-0.60 ± 0.53	-0.58 ± 0.56	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.46 ± 1.52	-1.38 ± 1.52	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.77 ± 0.60	-0.76 ± 0.60	-0.80 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.39 ± 0.63	-1.33 ± 0.63	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.28 ± 1.34	0.45 ± 1.35	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.41 ± 0.23	0.43 ± 0.24	0.43 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.17 ± 0.82	-2.10 ± 0.82	-2.14 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.48 ± 0.36	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.46 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-2.65 ± 0.97	-2.55 ± 0.96	-2.60 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.83 ± 0.87	-0.74 ± 0.86	-0.74 ± 0.86
Northern Boreal Land	-0.94 ± 1.21	-0.87 ± 1.21	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-1.12 ± 1.02	-1.08 ± 1.04	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	2.36 ± 1.84	2.37 ± 1.84	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.23 ± 1.40	-1.15 ± 1.39	-1.23 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.61	-1.84 ± 1.63	-2.00 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.41 ± 1.67	-1.29 ± 1.66	-1.27 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.54 ± 2.19	-0.29 ± 2.18	-0.29 ± 2.19







Table 34: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2010 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2009	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.01	0.01	0.01
North American Temperate	1.83	1.84	1.97
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.16	0.16	0.15
Northern Africa	0.16	0.16	0.18
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.17	0.17	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.62	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.57	0.53	0.51
Australia	0.11	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.55	1.57	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.11	0.11	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.03	0.03	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2009	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2008
Northern Land	6.35	6.22	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.19
Northern	6.50	6.37	6.55
Tropical Land	0.83	0.79	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.06	0.06	0.07
Tropical	0.89	0.85	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.39	0.38
Ocean in South	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern	0.41	0.40	0.39
Americas	2.11	2.11	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.07	0.07	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.85	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.04
Asia	3.62	3.43	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.15
All Land	7.57	7.39	7.55
All Ocean	0.22	0.22	0.28
Global	7.79	7.61	7.83
North America	1.85	1.85	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	4.50	4.36	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.14	0.14	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.18	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.00	0.00	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.01	0.01	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.16	0.16	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.07	0.07	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.19	0.19	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.16	6.03	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.52	-5.43	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.20	0.19	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.30	6.17	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.41	0.40	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.30	1.25	1.28







Table 35: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2010 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2009	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.11 ± 0.35	-0.09 ± 0.37	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.39	-0.47 ± 0.44	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.13 ± 0.67	0.16 ± 0.67	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.78	-0.05 ± 0.78	-0.03 ± 0.77
Northern Africa	0.02 ± 0.50	0.01 ± 0.51	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.10 ± 0.62	0.18 ± 0.60	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.83 ± 1.16	-0.76 ± 1.16	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.54	-0.33 ± 0.55	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.15 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.21	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.09 ± 0.31	-0.10 ± 0.32	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.28 ± 0.75	-0.22 ± 0.76	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.40 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.39 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.39 ± 0.23	0.41 ± 0.22	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.57 ± 0.46	-0.50 ± 0.46	-0.49 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.29 ± 0.20	-0.27 ± 0.19	-0.27 ± 0.22
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.37 ± 0.42	-0.35 ± 0.41	-0.40 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.24	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.19 ± 0.32	-0.17 ± 0.30	-0.22 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.14	0.16 ± 0.15
South Indian Temperate	-0.69 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.24	-0.64 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2009	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2007B
Northern Land	-2.06 ± 1.62	-1.87 ± 1.65	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.07 ± 0.62	-1.03 ± 0.62	-1.05 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.13 ± 2.23	-2.90 ± 2.25	-3.00 ± 2.22
Tropical Land	0.30 ± 0.85	0.36 ± 0.86	0.30 ± 0.87
Tropical Ocean	0.75 ± 0.36	0.78 ± 0.36	0.74 ± 0.38
Tropical	1.06 ± 1.19	1.14 ± 1.20	1.05 ± 1.21
Southern Land	-0.02 ± 1.04	0.03 ± 1.04	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.58 ± 0.66	-1.48 ± 0.65	-1.49 ± 0.68
Southern	-1.60 ± 1.70	-1.44 ± 1.69	-1.41 ± 1.68
Americas	-0.50 ± 1.15	-0.45 ± 1.18	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.62 ± 0.60	-0.56 ± 0.59	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.16 ± 1.09	-0.02 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.53 ± 0.27	-0.51 ± 0.27	-0.48 ± 0.29
Asia	-1.11 ± 1.35	-1.00 ± 1.36	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.56 ± 0.62	-0.48 ± 0.62	-0.48 ± 0.64
All Land	-1.78 ± 2.10	-1.47 ± 2.12	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.12	-1.72 ± 1.11	-1.80 ± 1.14
Global	-3.67 ± 3.19	-3.20 ± 3.20	-3.36 ± 3.19
North America	-0.60 ± 0.53	-0.56 ± 0.58	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.46 ± 1.52	-1.31 ± 1.53	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.77 ± 0.60	-0.76 ± 0.60	-0.78 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.39 ± 0.63	-1.30 ± 0.63	-1.27 ± 0.65
Tropical and Southern Land	0.28 ± 1.34	0.40 ± 1.34	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.41 ± 0.23	0.43 ± 0.23	0.40 ± 0.25
Temperate Oceans	-2.17 ± 0.82	-2.06 ± 0.82	-2.05 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.48 ± 0.36	-0.44 ± 0.34	-0.50 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-2.65 ± 0.97	-2.51 ± 0.96	-2.55 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.83 ± 0.87	-0.70 ± 0.86	-0.75 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-0.94 ± 1.21	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-1.12 ± 1.02	-1.02 ± 1.06	-1.16 ± 1.11
Tropical land minus northern land	2.36 ± 1.84	2.23 ± 1.86	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.23 ± 1.40	-1.12 ± 1.40	-1.05 ± 1.35
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.61	-1.78 ± 1.65	-1.94 ± 1.66
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.41 ± 1.67	-1.27 ± 1.66	-1.19 ± 1.65
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.54 ± 2.19	-0.30 ± 2.18	-0.37 ± 2.20







Table 36: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2010 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2009	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.01	0.01	0.01
North American Temperate	1.83	1.83	1.91
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.16	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.17
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.17	0.17	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.78	2.54	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.57	0.52	0.47
Australia	0.11	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.55	1.57	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.11	0.11	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.03	0.03	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2009	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2010	CT2010	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.35	6.12	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.26
Northern	6.50	6.27	6.44
Tropical Land	0.83	0.77	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.06	0.06	0.12
Tropical	0.89	0.83	0.88
Southern Land	0.40	0.38	0.35
Ocean in South	0.01	0.01	0.03
Southern	0.41	0.39	0.38
Americas	2.11	2.10	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.07	0.07	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.84	1.85	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.10
Asia	3.62	3.33	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.19
All Land	7.57	7.27	7.29
All Ocean	0.22	0.22	0.41
Global	7.79	7.49	7.70
North America	1.85	1.85	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.50	4.28	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.14	0.14	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.22	1.15	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.00	0.00	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.01	0.01	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.16	0.15	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.07	0.07	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.19	0.18	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.16	5.94	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.52	-5.36	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.20	0.19	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.30	6.08	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.41	0.39	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.30	1.22	1.26







Table 37: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2009 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2008	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2008
North American Boreal	-0.11 ± 0.36	-0.10 ± 0.36	-0.12 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.41	-0.49 ± 0.43	-0.60 ± 0.44
South American Tropical	0.15 ± 0.68	0.20 ± 0.67	0.17 ± 0.67
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.78	-0.04 ± 0.78	-0.04 ± 0.78
Northern Africa	0.03 ± 0.50	0.03 ± 0.50	0.02 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.12 ± 0.63	0.16 ± 0.61	0.17 ± 0.62
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 1.16	-0.78 ± 1.15	-0.82 ± 1.17
Eurasia Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.55	-0.35 ± 0.55	-0.35 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.16 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.21	0.19 ± 0.21
Australia	-0.09 ± 0.32	-0.08 ± 0.31	-0.06 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.25 ± 0.76	-0.24 ± 0.75	-0.25 ± 0.73
North Pacific Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.42 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02
East Pacific Tropical	0.40 ± 0.23	0.41 ± 0.23	0.41 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.46	-0.52 ± 0.46	-0.54 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.29 ± 0.20	-0.28 ± 0.19	-0.28 ± 0.19
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.37 ± 0.42	-0.36 ± 0.41	-0.38 ± 0.41
Atlantic Tropical	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.13 ± 0.25
Southern Ocean	-0.19 ± 0.32	-0.18 ± 0.31	-0.18 ± 0.31
Indian Tropical	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.13
South Indian Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.24
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2008	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2008
Northern Land	-2.00 ± 1.63	-1.96 ± 1.63	-2.14 ± 1.63
Northern Oceans	-1.07 ± 0.62	-1.04 ± 0.62	-1.08 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.08 ± 2.24	-3.00 ± 2.23	-3.23 ± 2.24
Tropical Land	0.35 ± 0.86	0.41 ± 0.86	0.39 ± 0.86
Tropical Ocean	0.76 ± 0.36	0.77 ± 0.36	0.78 ± 0.36
Tropical	1.11 ± 1.20	1.19 ± 1.20	1.16 ± 1.20
Southern Land	-0.00 ± 1.05	0.04 ± 1.04	0.06 ± 1.04
Ocean in South	-1.57 ± 0.66	-1.52 ± 0.65	-1.51 ± 0.66
Southern	-1.57 ± 1.70	-1.48 ± 1.69	-1.45 ± 1.69
Americas	-0.47 ± 1.17	-0.43 ± 1.17	-0.58 ± 1.17
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.61 ± 0.59	-0.58 ± 0.59	-0.60 ± 0.59
Eurasia and Africa	-0.10 ± 1.11	-0.06 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.08
Indian Ocean	-0.53 ± 0.27	-0.52 ± 0.27	-0.51 ± 0.27
Asia	-1.08 ± 1.35	-1.02 ± 1.34	-1.05 ± 1.36
Pacific Ocean	-0.56 ± 0.62	-0.50 ± 0.62	-0.53 ± 0.62
All Land	-1.65 ± 2.12	-1.51 ± 2.11	-1.70 ± 2.12
All Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.12	-1.78 ± 1.11	-1.82 ± 1.11
Global	-3.54 ± 3.21	-3.29 ± 3.19	-3.52 ± 3.20
North America	-0.59 ± 0.54	-0.59 ± 0.56	-0.72 ± 0.57
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.41 ± 1.53	-1.37 ± 1.52	-1.43 ± 1.52
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.79 ± 0.60	-0.77 ± 0.60	-0.80 ± 0.60
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.38 ± 0.63	-1.33 ± 0.63	-1.34 ± 0.63
Tropical and Southern Land	0.35 ± 1.35	0.45 ± 1.35	0.45 ± 1.35
Tropical Pacific	0.42 ± 0.24	0.43 ± 0.24	0.43 ± 0.24
Temperate Oceans	-2.17 ± 0.82	-2.10 ± 0.82	-2.14 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.47 ± 0.36	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.46 ± 0.35
Extratropical Oceans	-2.64 ± 0.97	-2.56 ± 0.96	-2.60 ± 0.96
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.81 ± 0.87	-0.74 ± 0.86	-0.74 ± 0.86
Northern Boreal Land	-0.91 ± 1.22	-0.88 ± 1.21	-0.94 ± 1.23
Northern Temperate Land	-1.09 ± 1.04	-1.08 ± 1.05	-1.20 ± 1.03
Tropical land minus northern land	2.35 ± 1.85	2.37 ± 1.85	2.53 ± 1.85
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.20 ± 1.41	-1.15 ± 1.39	-1.23 ± 1.41
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.63	-1.84 ± 1.63	-2.00 ± 1.61
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.38 ± 1.67	-1.29 ± 1.66	-1.27 ± 1.67
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.46 ± 2.20	-0.29 ± 2.19	-0.29 ± 2.19







Table 38: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2009 compared to CT2008, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2008	2001-2007
Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2008
North American Boreal	0.01	0.01	0.01
North American Temperate	1.84	1.84	1.97
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.11
South American Temperate	0.16	0.16	0.15
Northern Africa	0.16	0.16	0.18
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.13
Eurasia Boreal	0.17	0.17	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.73	2.63	2.64
Tropical Asia	0.55	0.53	0.51
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.10
Europe	1.58	1.57	1.64
North Pacific Temperate	0.11	0.11	0.14
West Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Northern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.02
North Atlantic Temperate	0.03	0.03	0.03
Atlantic Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.00
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.04
South Indian Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2008	2001-2007
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2008
Northern Land	6.34	6.24	6.36
Northern Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.19
Northern	6.49	6.39	6.55
Tropical Land	0.81	0.79	0.81
Tropical Ocean	0.06	0.06	0.07
Tropical	0.87	0.85	0.88
Southern Land	0.39	0.39	0.38
Ocean in South	0.01	0.01	0.01
Southern	0.40	0.40	0.39
Americas	2.12	2.11	2.24
Atlantic and Arctic	0.07	0.07	0.09
Eurasia and Africa	1.86	1.86	1.95
Indian Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.04
Asia	3.56	3.44	3.35
Pacific Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.15
All Land	7.54	7.41	7.55
All Ocean	0.22	0.22	0.28
Global	7.76	7.63	7.83
North America	1.86	1.86	1.98
Extratropical Eurasia	4.48	4.38	4.38
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.14	0.14	0.17
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.01
Tropical and Southern Land	1.21	1.18	1.19
Tropical Pacific	0.00	0.00	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.18
High Latitude Oceans	0.01	0.01	0.02
Extratropical Oceans	0.16	0.16	0.20
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.07	0.07	0.09
Northern Boreal Land	0.19	0.19	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	6.05	6.24
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.53	-5.45	-5.55
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.20	0.19	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.29	6.19	6.41
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.40	0.40	0.39
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.28	1.25	1.28







Table 39: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2009 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2008	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.11 ± 0.36	-0.09 ± 0.37	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.49 ± 0.41	-0.47 ± 0.44	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.15 ± 0.68	0.16 ± 0.67	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.03 ± 0.78	-0.05 ± 0.78	-0.03 ± 0.77
Northern Africa	0.03 ± 0.50	0.01 ± 0.51	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.12 ± 0.63	0.18 ± 0.60	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.80 ± 1.16	-0.76 ± 1.16	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.55	-0.33 ± 0.55	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.16 ± 0.20	0.19 ± 0.21	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.09 ± 0.32	-0.10 ± 0.32	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.25 ± 0.76	-0.22 ± 0.76	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.41 ± 0.39	-0.39 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.40 ± 0.23	0.41 ± 0.22	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.56 ± 0.46	-0.50 ± 0.46	-0.49 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.29 ± 0.20	-0.27 ± 0.19	-0.27 ± 0.22
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.37 ± 0.42	-0.35 ± 0.41	-0.40 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.14 ± 0.25	-0.14 ± 0.24	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.19 ± 0.32	-0.17 ± 0.30	-0.22 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.14	0.16 ± 0.15
South Indian Temperate	-0.68 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.24	-0.64 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2008	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2007B
Northern Land	-2.00 ± 1.63	-1.87 ± 1.65	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.07 ± 0.62	-1.03 ± 0.62	-1.05 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.08 ± 2.24	-2.90 ± 2.25	-3.00 ± 2.22
Tropical Land	0.35 ± 0.86	0.36 ± 0.86	0.30 ± 0.87
Tropical Ocean	0.76 ± 0.36	0.78 ± 0.36	0.74 ± 0.38
Tropical	1.11 ± 1.20	1.14 ± 1.20	1.05 ± 1.21
Southern Land	-0.00 ± 1.05	0.04 ± 1.04	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.57 ± 0.66	-1.48 ± 0.65	-1.49 ± 0.68
Southern	-1.57 ± 1.70	-1.44 ± 1.69	-1.41 ± 1.68
Americas	-0.47 ± 1.17	-0.45 ± 1.18	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.61 ± 0.59	-0.56 ± 0.59	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.10 ± 1.11	-0.02 ± 1.10	-0.06 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.53 ± 0.27	-0.51 ± 0.27	-0.48 ± 0.29
Asia	-1.08 ± 1.35	-1.00 ± 1.36	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.56 ± 0.62	-0.48 ± 0.62	-0.48 ± 0.64
All Land	-1.65 ± 2.12	-1.47 ± 2.12	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-1.89 ± 1.12	-1.72 ± 1.11	-1.80 ± 1.14
Global	-3.54 ± 3.21	-3.20 ± 3.20	-3.36 ± 3.19
North America	-0.59 ± 0.54	-0.56 ± 0.58	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.41 ± 1.53	-1.31 ± 1.53	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.79 ± 0.60	-0.76 ± 0.60	-0.78 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.38 ± 0.63	-1.30 ± 0.63	-1.27 ± 0.65
Tropical and Southern Land	0.35 ± 1.35	0.40 ± 1.34	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.42 ± 0.24	0.43 ± 0.23	0.40 ± 0.25
Temperate Oceans	-2.17 ± 0.82	-2.06 ± 0.82	-2.05 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.47 ± 0.36	-0.44 ± 0.34	-0.50 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-2.64 ± 0.97	-2.51 ± 0.96	-2.55 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.81 ± 0.87	-0.70 ± 0.86	-0.75 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-0.91 ± 1.22	-0.85 ± 1.22	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-1.09 ± 1.04	-1.02 ± 1.06	-1.16 ± 1.11
Tropical land minus northern land	2.35 ± 1.85	2.23 ± 1.86	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.20 ± 1.41	-1.12 ± 1.40	-1.05 ± 1.35
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.88 ± 1.63	-1.78 ± 1.65	-1.94 ± 1.66
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.38 ± 1.67	-1.27 ± 1.66	-1.19 ± 1.65
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.46 ± 2.20	-0.30 ± 2.18	-0.37 ± 2.20







Table 40: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2009 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2008	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.01	0.01	0.01
North American Temperate	1.84	1.83	1.91
South American Tropical	0.10	0.10	0.12
South American Temperate	0.16	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.16	0.15	0.17
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.17	0.17	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.73	2.54	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.55	0.52	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.58	1.57	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.11	0.11	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.03	0.03	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.02	0.02	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2008	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2009	CT2009	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.34	6.13	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.26
Northern	6.49	6.27	6.44
Tropical Land	0.81	0.77	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.06	0.06	0.12
Tropical	0.87	0.83	0.88
Southern Land	0.39	0.38	0.35
Ocean in South	0.01	0.01	0.03
Southern	0.40	0.39	0.38
Americas	2.12	2.10	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.07	0.07	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.86	1.85	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.03	0.03	0.10
Asia	3.56	3.33	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.12	0.12	0.19
All Land	7.54	7.27	7.29
All Ocean	0.22	0.22	0.41
Global	7.76	7.49	7.70
North America	1.86	1.85	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.48	4.28	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.14	0.14	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.21	1.15	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.00	0.00	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.15	0.15	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.01	0.01	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.16	0.15	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.07	0.07	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.19	0.18	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.15	5.94	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.53	-5.36	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.20	0.19	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.29	6.08	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.40	0.39	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.28	1.22	1.26







Table 41: Long-term mean natural flux (biosphere + ocean + fire) from CT2008 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods. The uncertainty listed is the one standard deviation level from the ensemble Kalman filter estimate. Units are PgC yr-1.

	2001-2007	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2008	CT2008	CT2007B
North American Boreal	-0.12 ± 0.37	-0.10 ± 0.37	-0.14 ± 0.37
North American Temperate	-0.60 ± 0.44	-0.59 ± 0.44	-0.54 ± 0.52
South American Tropical	0.17 ± 0.67	0.14 ± 0.67	0.08 ± 0.68
South American Temperate	-0.04 ± 0.78	-0.05 ± 0.78	-0.03 ± 0.77
Northern Africa	0.02 ± 0.50	0.01 ± 0.51	0.03 ± 0.50
Southern Africa	0.17 ± 0.62	0.19 ± 0.61	0.21 ± 0.59
Eurasia Boreal	-0.82 ± 1.17	-0.81 ± 1.18	-0.64 ± 1.10
Eurasia Temperate	-0.35 ± 0.54	-0.32 ± 0.54	-0.32 ± 0.54
Tropical Asia	0.19 ± 0.21	0.19 ± 0.21	0.20 ± 0.20
Australia	-0.06 ± 0.31	-0.08 ± 0.31	-0.10 ± 0.31
Europe	-0.25 ± 0.73	-0.24 ± 0.74	-0.30 ± 0.79
North Pacific Temperate	-0.42 ± 0.39	-0.43 ± 0.39	-0.39 ± 0.39
West Pacific Tropical	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.02	0.02 ± 0.03
East Pacific Tropical	0.41 ± 0.23	0.42 ± 0.23	0.38 ± 0.23
South Pacific Temperate	-0.54 ± 0.46	-0.52 ± 0.46	-0.49 ± 0.46
Northern Ocean	-0.28 ± 0.19	-0.28 ± 0.19	-0.27 ± 0.22
North Atlantic Temperate	-0.38 ± 0.41	-0.36 ± 0.41	-0.40 ± 0.40
Atlantic Tropical	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16	0.19 ± 0.16
South Atlantic Temperate	-0.13 ± 0.25	-0.13 ± 0.24	-0.14 ± 0.23
Southern Ocean	-0.18 ± 0.31	-0.17 ± 0.30	-0.22 ± 0.33
Indian Tropical	0.16 ± 0.13	0.16 ± 0.14	0.16 ± 0.15
South Indian Temperate	-0.67 ± 0.24	-0.67 ± 0.24	-0.64 ± 0.25
Not optimized	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00	-0.00 ± 0.00
	2001-2007	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2008	CT2008	CT2007B
Northern Land	-2.14 ± 1.63	-2.06 ± 1.65	-1.94 ± 1.64
Northern Oceans	-1.08 ± 0.62	-1.06 ± 0.62	-1.05 ± 0.62
Northern	-3.23 ± 2.24	-3.13 ± 2.25	-3.00 ± 2.22
Tropical Land	0.39 ± 0.86	0.34 ± 0.86	0.30 ± 0.87
Tropical Ocean	0.78 ± 0.36	0.79 ± 0.36	0.74 ± 0.38
Tropical	1.16 ± 1.20	1.12 ± 1.20	1.05 ± 1.21
Southern Land	0.06 ± 1.04	0.06 ± 1.04	0.08 ± 1.01
Ocean in South	-1.51 ± 0.66	-1.49 ± 0.66	-1.49 ± 0.68
Southern	-1.45 ± 1.69	-1.43 ± 1.69	-1.41 ± 1.68
Americas	-0.58 ± 1.17	-0.60 ± 1.18	-0.63 ± 1.21
Atlantic and Arctic	-0.60 ± 0.59	-0.58 ± 0.58	-0.62 ± 0.58
Eurasia and Africa	-0.06 ± 1.08	-0.04 ± 1.08	-0.06 ± 1.11
Indian Ocean	-0.51 ± 0.27	-0.51 ± 0.27	-0.48 ± 0.29
Asia	-1.05 ± 1.36	-1.02 ± 1.37	-0.87 ± 1.30
Pacific Ocean	-0.53 ± 0.62	-0.51 ± 0.62	-0.48 ± 0.64
All Land	-1.70 ± 2.12	-1.66 ± 2.12	-1.56 ± 2.11
All Ocean	-1.82 ± 1.11	-1.76 ± 1.10	-1.80 ± 1.14
Global	-3.52 ± 3.20	-3.43 ± 3.20	-3.36 ± 3.19
North America	-0.72 ± 0.57	-0.69 ± 0.58	-0.68 ± 0.64
Extratropical Eurasia	-1.43 ± 1.52	-1.37 ± 1.54	-1.26 ± 1.50
Temperate Northern Ocean	-0.80 ± 0.60	-0.79 ± 0.60	-0.78 ± 0.58
Temperate Southern Ocean	-1.34 ± 0.63	-1.32 ± 0.63	-1.27 ± 0.65
Tropical and Southern Land	0.45 ± 1.35	0.40 ± 1.35	0.38 ± 1.33
Tropical Pacific	0.43 ± 0.24	0.44 ± 0.23	0.40 ± 0.25
Temperate Oceans	-2.14 ± 0.82	-2.11 ± 0.82	-2.05 ± 0.82
High Latitude Oceans	-0.46 ± 0.35	-0.44 ± 0.34	-0.50 ± 0.38
Extratropical Oceans	-2.60 ± 0.96	-2.55 ± 0.95	-2.55 ± 0.97
Tropical and Southern Oceans	-0.74 ± 0.86	-0.70 ± 0.86	-0.75 ± 0.90
Northern Boreal Land	-0.94 ± 1.23	-0.91 ± 1.24	-0.78 ± 1.17
Northern Temperate Land	-1.20 ± 1.03	-1.15 ± 1.04	-1.16 ± 1.11
Tropical land minus northern land	2.53 ± 1.85	2.40 ± 1.87	2.25 ± 1.86
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	-1.23 ± 1.41	-1.19 ± 1.42	-1.05 ± 1.35
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	-2.00 ± 1.61	-1.94 ± 1.62	-1.94 ± 1.66
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	-1.27 ± 1.67	-1.26 ± 1.66	-1.19 ± 1.65
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	-0.29 ± 2.19	-0.30 ± 2.19	-0.37 ± 2.20







Table 42: Long-term mean fossil fuel emissions used in CT2008 compared to CT2007B, including average fluxes computed over common time periods.

	2001-2007	2001-2006
Transcom region	CT2008	CT2008	CT2007B
North American Boreal	0.01	0.01	0.01
North American Temperate	1.97	1.96	1.91
South American Tropical	0.11	0.11	0.12
South American Temperate	0.15	0.15	0.14
Northern Africa	0.18	0.18	0.17
Southern Africa	0.13	0.13	0.12
Eurasia Boreal	0.10	0.10	0.10
Eurasia Temperate	2.64	2.55	2.53
Tropical Asia	0.51	0.50	0.47
Australia	0.10	0.10	0.09
Europe	1.64	1.63	1.63
North Pacific Temperate	0.14	0.13	0.17
West Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
East Pacific Tropical	0.00	0.00	0.00
South Pacific Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Northern Ocean	0.02	0.02	0.03
North Atlantic Temperate	0.03	0.03	0.05
Atlantic Tropical	0.03	0.03	0.03
South Atlantic Temperate	0.00	0.00	0.01
Southern Ocean	0.00	0.00	0.00
Indian Tropical	0.04	0.04	0.08
South Indian Temperate	0.01	0.01	0.02
Not optimized	0.00	0.00	0.00
	2001-2007	2001-2006
Aggregated Transcom region	CT2008	CT2008	CT2007B
Northern Land	6.36	6.25	6.18
Northern Oceans	0.19	0.19	0.26
Northern	6.55	6.44	6.44
Tropical Land	0.81	0.79	0.75
Tropical Ocean	0.07	0.07	0.12
Tropical	0.88	0.86	0.88
Southern Land	0.38	0.38	0.35
Ocean in South	0.01	0.01	0.03
Southern	0.39	0.39	0.38
Americas	2.24	2.23	2.18
Atlantic and Arctic	0.09	0.09	0.12
Eurasia and Africa	1.95	1.94	1.92
Indian Ocean	0.04	0.04	0.10
Asia	3.35	3.25	3.18
Pacific Ocean	0.15	0.14	0.19
All Land	7.55	7.42	7.29
All Ocean	0.28	0.27	0.41
Global	7.83	7.69	7.70
North America	1.98	1.97	1.92
Extratropical Eurasia	4.38	4.28	4.26
Temperate Northern Ocean	0.17	0.17	0.23
Temperate Southern Ocean	0.01	0.01	0.03
Tropical and Southern Land	1.19	1.17	1.11
Tropical Pacific	0.01	0.01	0.01
Temperate Oceans	0.18	0.18	0.26
High Latitude Oceans	0.02	0.02	0.03
Extratropical Oceans	0.20	0.20	0.29
Tropical and Southern Oceans	0.09	0.08	0.16
Northern Boreal Land	0.12	0.11	0.12
Northern Temperate Land	6.24	6.14	6.07
Tropical land minus northern land	-5.55	-5.46	-5.43
High North Ocean and Boreal Land	0.14	0.14	0.14
Northern Temperate Land and Ocean	6.41	6.31	6.29
Southern Temperate Land and Ocean	0.39	0.39	0.38
Tropical and Southern Land and Ocean	1.28	1.25	1.26