The 7th International CO2 Conference Web Site

MINERAL CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION: STILL A VIABLE OPTION Popular

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This paper provides background and summarizes evidence supporting the possibility of developing a low-cost mineral carbon dioxide sequestration technology.

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Category: Abstracts/Managing the Carbon Cycle

LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF CONTINUED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION TO THE ATMOSPHERE Popular

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Continued emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere will affect climate and ocean chemistry. These consequences can be anticipated by consideration of basic physical principles, past climates, and calculations. Emission of 5,000 PgC (= amount of carbon in conventional fossil-fuel resources) over a few centuries could produce radiative forcing of climate of about 10 W m^-2 which could be expected to produce global mean warming of ~4 to 12 °C. Warming in this range would have large biological and human consequences. It could threaten the ice sheets and lead to a long-term sea-level rise of 70 m. Ocean pH could decrease by 0.7 units, making the oceans more corrosive to carbonate minerals than they have been for many millions of years. From the perspective of geology and biological evolution, these changes would occur rapidly, overwhelming most natural processes that would buffer CO₂ changes occurring over longer time intervals, and thus may produce changes at a rate and of a magnitude that exceed the adaptive capacity of at least some biological systems. To find comparable events in Earth history, we need to look back tens of millions of years to rare catastrophic events.

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Added on: 27-Jul-2005 Downloads: 275
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Category: Opening Talks

IMPACT OF CLIMATE-CARBON CYCLE FEEDBACKS ON EMISSIONS SCENARIOS TO ACHIEVE STABILISATION Popular

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At present, approximately half of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions are absorbed by the land and oceans [Jones and Cox, 2005], but climate changes may act to reduce this uptake, leading to higher CO₂ levels for a given emission scenario [Cox et al., 2000, Friedlingstein et al., 2005, in prep.]. Less attention has been paid to the potential impact of carbon cycle feedbacks on the emissions reductions required to achieve stabilisation (the so called “permissible emissions”), although this is arguably more pertinent to the issue of avoiding dangerous climate change in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change.

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Added on: 29-Jul-2005 Downloads: 211
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Category: Abstracts/Managing the Carbon Cycle

GREENHOUSE GAS CO2, CH4 AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION SINCE 650KYRS DEDUCED FROM ANTARCTIC ICE CORES Popular

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Ice cores are unique archives of past climatic and atmospheric conditions through the isotopic composition of the ice and the analysis of the air bubbles trapped. In 1999 Petit et al published the reconstruction of the Antarctic climate and atmospheric composition over the last 420 000 years from the Vostok ice core. This record covered the last four glacial inter glacial cycles back to the end of the marine interstadial 11 (MIS 11). It has revealed the close relationship between the atmospheric part of the carbon cycle and the climate. With CO₂ concentration oscillating between 180 and 280 ppmv during the last 4 climatic cycles. In a similar way the methane concentration followed closely temperature on glacial interglacial time scales, with millennial-scale structures during glacial times which appear out of phased with Antarctic temperature but, at least for the last glaciation, in phase with the Greenland rapid climatic oscillations, as revealed by the GISP and GRIP ice cores.

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Added on: 27-Jul-2005 Downloads: 200
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Category: Abstracts/Carbon Cycle Response to Environmental Change

SUBSTRATE INDUCED GROWTH RESPONSE OF SOIL AND RHIZOSPHERE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES UNDER ELEVATED CO2 Popular

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The maximal specific growth rate of microorganisms from rhizospheres of Populus deltoides grown under normal CO₂concentration in the atmosphere (400 ppm) was lower compared to the assessments made for plots under elevated CO₂ (800 and 1200 ppm). A similar conclusion was made for microbial communities from soil under winter wheat and sugar beets grown under 370 and 550 ppm CO₂in the atmosphere. Three to four years fumigation of field plots with elevated CO₂ has been shown to result in the formation of rhizosphere microbial communities characterized by faster specific growth rates as compared to microbial community under control plants.

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Added on: 26-Jul-2005 Downloads: 196
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Category: Abstracts/Impacts of High CO2 on Land and Ocean Ecosystems

FREQUENT MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 AND OTHER TRACE SPECIES USING COMMERCIAL AIRLINES Popular

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A new research project has started in 2003 to develop Continuous CO₂ Measurement Equipment (CME) and Automatic Air Sampling Equipment (ASE) for commercial airlines. CMEs are planning to be installed on five aircrafts and fly to South East Asia, East Asia, Europe, North America, Pacific and Australia. Routine air sampling by ASE will be done twice a month between Japan and Australia. After issuing the certification, first observation flight by Boeing 747-400 will be conducted in October, 2005. Preliminary observation by small research aircraft indicates that CME produces reasonable results.

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Category: Abstracts/The Fate of Fossil-Fuel Carbon Emissions

DECADAL CHANGES IN OCEAN CARBON UPTAKE Popular

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There is growing evidence that the rate of anthropogenic CO₂ uptake in the ocean is changing over time. Several programs are poised to assess current and future ocean CO₂ uptake rates, but there are issues with how to extrapolate these measurements to decadal-scale changes over entire ocean basins. One possibility is to exploit the growing network of ARGO floats that are collecting profiles throughout the global oceans. We explore the viability of this approach and make recommendations for how the ARGO network might be made more useful for biogeochemical applications.

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Added on: 04-Aug-2005 Downloads: 193
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Category: Abstracts/The Fate of Fossil-Fuel Carbon Emissions

NEW COUPLED CLIMATE-CARBON SIMULATIONS WITH THE IPSL MODEL: FROM VALIDATION WITH ATMOSPHERIC ... Popular

Description:

We have developed a Climate-Carbon coupled model based on the IPSL OAGCM and on two biogeochemical models, ORCHIDEE for the continent and PISCES for the ocean, to investigate the coupling between climate change and the global carbon cycle. We have performed four climate-carbon simulations over the 1860-2100 period in which atmospheric CO₂ is interactively calculated. They are :

§ A control coupled simulation with no anthropogenic emissions.

§ A coupled simulation with anthropogenic emissions.

§ A coupled simulation with anthropogenic emissions including non-CO₂ greenhouse and sulfate aerosols.

§ An uncoupled carbon simulation with the same anthropogenic emissions as second simulation but for which atmospheric CO₂ change has no impact on climate.

Compared to the first IPSL Climate-Carbon coupled model [Dufresne, et al., 2002], the simple carbon models have been replaced by IPSL advanced ocean and land biogeochemical models, respectively PISCES and ORCHIDEE. CO₂ is transported in the atmosphere and compared with observations. Comparison with satellite data is also done. We then analyze the coupled and uncoupled simulations, highlight the importance of the climate change both on the oceanic and biosphere sink and estimate the climate-carbon feedback. The results are also compared to the outputs of other models participating in the C4MIP inter-comparison project. Finally, off-line simulations are carried out to perform sensitivity tests (fire, dynamics of land and ocean ecosystems, soil respiration) in order to identify the key processes which govern the simulated response.

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Category: Abstracts/Carbon Cycle Response to Environmental Change

EUROPEAN-WIDE REDUCTION IN PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY CAUSED BY THE HEAT AND DROUGHT IN 2003 Popular

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Future climate warming is expected to enhance plant growth in temperate ecosystems and to increase carbon sequestration. But although severe regional heatwaves may become more frequent in a changing climate, and their impact on terrestrial carbon cycling is unclear. Europe experienced a particularly extreme climate anomaly during 2003, with July temperatures up to 6°C above long-term means, and annual precipitation deficits up to 300 mmy^-1, that is 50% below the average. We used the 2003 heatwave as a ‘laboratory assistant’ to estimate the impact on terrestrial carbon cycling.

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Category: Abstracts/Carbon Cycle Response to Environmental Change

ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT IN MITIGATING GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS Popular

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Analyses of Northern Hemisphere carbon fluxes indicate that a number of ecosystem processes jointly contribute to source and sink exchanges of CO₂ which affect the net carbon sequestered from the atmosphere. These processes (e.g., CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, and H₂O dynamics) exhibit high variability in time and space with the largest variability corresponding to human land management events. Therefore, the spatial and temporal incorporation of land management information is needed to properly represent net carbon and other GHG fluxes.

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Added on: 03-Aug-2005 Downloads: 175
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Category: Abstracts/Managing the Carbon Cycle