RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN INCREASE OF GREENHOUSE GASES WITH CLIMATE CHANGE IN INDONESIA
Description:
The Greenhouse Effect is a natural phenomenon that warms up the
earth. It works on the same principles as the ordinary garden glasshouse, which
allows the light to get in, but does not allow the heat to get out. The earth is
surrounded by a shield of atmospheric gases primarily nitrogen (78 %), and
oxygen (21%). The remainder of the air composition is made up of what are
called as “trace gases,” which include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4) etc. The earth maintains its temperature through insulation
with a 'thermal blanket' of greenhouse gases which allow penetration of the
sun's rays but prevent some heat radiating back into space. Light from the sun
penetrates the atmosphere and reaches the earth surface, warming it up.
Author's Names: Waluyo Eko Cahyono
Filesize: 35.24 Kb
Added on: 27-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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UPDATE ON ATMOSPHERIC O2/N2 MEASUREMENTS, FROM 1994 TO 2002
Description: Our current understanding of the global carbon
cycle has greatly benefited from atmospheric O2 measurements,
pioneered by R.F. Keeling and collaborators in 1990. Our parallel sampling program, with sampling
locations added periodically beginning in 1991, now includes Point Barrow
(Alaska), Sable Island (Eastern Canada), American Samoa (Tropical South
Pacific), Amsterdam Island (Indian Ocean, French station), Cape Grim (Tasmania,
Australia), Macquarie Island (subantarctic Australian station), and Syowa
(Antarctic Japanese station). Samples
are also routinely collected on Ka’imimoana, a U. S. NOAA ship operating in the
equatorial Pacific.
Author's Names: M.L. Bender, M.O. Battle, D.T. Ho, M.B. Hendricks, et al
Filesize: 165.07 Kb
Added on: 28-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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IMPACT OF TROPICAL BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS ON THE DIURNAL CYCLE OF MID TO UPPER TROPOSPHERE ...
Description:
Biomass burning is an important source of atmospheric
CO2, aerosols and chemically important gases. It is as important to
global chemistry as industrial activities in the developed world [Crutzen
and Andreae, 1990]. Biomass burning is a key component of the global carbon
budget, currently releasing 2.6 GtC from fires in the tropical and subtropical
ecosystems (van der Werf et al. [2003], to be compared to the 5.6 GtC
released from fossil fuels) to the atmosphere each year, most of it being
emitted in the form of carbon dioxide, although there is important spread
amongst various estimates. Biomass burning contributes up to 40% of gross
atmospheric CO2 (IPCC, 2001), 38% of tropospheric O3, and
10 % of CH4.
Author's Names: A. Chédin, S. Serrar, N. A. Scott, C. Pierang, and P. Ciais
Filesize: 33.17 Kb
Added on: 28-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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IS “THERMODYNAMIC CONSISTENCY” A USEFUL MEASURE OF OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SEAWATER CARBONATE ...
Description:
An accurate knowledge of the thermodynamics of the
carbonic acid system in seawater is crucial to our understanding of the
behavior of carbon dioxide in seawater. In particular, this knowledge is needed
whenever a particular property needs to be calculated from measurements of
other related properties; e.g., the
estimation of the partial pressure of CO2 in air that is in equilibrium with a sample of
sea water, p(CO2), from measurements of the total
dissolved inorganic carbon, CT, and of the
total alkalinity, AT, of a water sample. This calculation
is particularly important for ocean models, which transport CT and AT, but which
need to calculate p(CO2) at the sea surface so as to
represent air-sea exchange processes. Numerous determinations of dissociation
constants for carbon dioxide in seawater media have been published over the
years. In each case the authors have recommended “best” values for the
dissociation constants, and often the constants are represented in these papers
by interpolating equations or tables. Furthermore, a number of investigators
have attempted to assess the thermodynamic consistency of the various published
values for these dissociation constants with analytical measurements made on
natural seawater. Despite all this work, the results of these efforts are, as
yet, not conclusive. I shall present a review of the situation and will try to
provide a clear description of the magnitude of the problems, their possible
sources, and their importance to understanding the behavior of CO2 in seawater.
Author's Names: A. G. Dickson
Filesize: 198.76 Kb
Added on: 28-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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MEASUREMENTS OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES IN ATMOSPHERIC METHANE FROM A SAMPLING OF NOAA FLASK NETWORK SITES
Description:
We present preliminary results from hydrogen isotopic
measurements in atmospheric methane obtained from the NOAA CCGG Cooperative Air
Sampling Network. Recent developments at INSTAAR, University of Colorado
have brought on line the capability to measure hydrogen deuterium ratios in
methane using continuous flow mass spectrometry coupled with an extraction combustion
sample preparation system. Preliminary results show reproducibility of cylinder
air samples to less than ± 2 ‰. Data from several months of samples from six
network sites are presented, including data from: Barrow and Cold Bay, Alaska,
U.S.A; Tutuila American Samoa; Black Sea, Constanta, Romania; Park Falls
Wisconsin, U.S.A.; and Baltic Sea, Poland.
Author's Names: M. Dreier, B.H. Vaughn, J.W.C. White, and K. Mack
Filesize: 10.78 Kb
Added on: 28-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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IMPLICATIONS OF OCEAN INTERIOR CO2 AND 14CO2 FOR AIR-SEA GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERIZATIONS
Description:
In recent years our knowledge of gas
exchange across the air-sea interface at the process level has improved as a
consequence of new instrumentation and novel use of injected and natural
tracers. However, there remains
significant uncertainty in the extrapolation of these results to larger scales,
especially for studies focusing on global-scale processes such as the earth's
carbon cycle.
Author's Names: A.R. Jacobson, M. Gloor, C. Sweeney, R.M. Key, et al
Filesize: 28.79 Kb
Added on: 29-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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STUDIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE AND CARBON MONOXIDE VARIATIONS IN THE AIR NEAR THE GROUND ...
Description:
The results of atmospheric CO2,
CH4 and CO measurements are presented. The measurements were made in
air samples collected at heights of 4, 25, 100, 200 and 300 m above ground, and
in the atmospheric column in Obninsk, Russia (55.11 N, 36.57 E, 183 m asl).
Author's Names: F.V. Kashin, Yu. I. Baranov, P.P. Tans, and T.J. Conway
Filesize: 54.63 Kb
Added on: 29-Jul-2005 Downloads: 18
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DECADAL RISING OF OCEAN SURFACE CO2 IN THE SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN (20°S-60°S).
Description:
The decadal
variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes is poorly known in the southern
hemisphere. To evaluate the changes or stability of these fluxes over several
years, we compare seasonal observations obtained in 1991 and 2000 the Southern Indian Ocean. For summer and winter, we observed
a significant increase of ocean fugacity (fCO2) in subtropical
waters (20°-35°S), about the same rate as in the atmosphere. In polar waters
south of 40°S where meso-scale biological activity is high in summer, the
rising of oceanic fCO2 is only well detected when comparing austral
winter data. The decadal evolution of fCO2 observed in the cold
waters certainly results from anthropogenic CO2 emissions, but is
also probably modulated by variations of primary production.
Author's Names: N.Metzl, C.Brunet, C.Lo Monaco, and A. Poisson
Filesize: 33.28 Kb
Added on: 02-Aug-2005 Downloads: 18
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THE ROLE OF SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE WINDS IN CONTROLLING THE OCEANIC UPTAKE AND STORAGE OF ...
Description:
Physical processes in the Southern Ocean are
known to profoundly impact the global carbon cycle, but this region is one of
the most difficult to simulate consistently in ocean general circulation models
(OGCMs). Here we show that Southern Hemisphere winds, by altering the volume of
light, actively-ventilated ocean water as well as the relative contribution to
this volume from Ekman transport, exert strong control over both the magnitude
and distribution of anthropogenic carbon uptake in an OGCM. These results are
provocative in suggesting that climate warming, by increasing the magnitude of
the wind stress at high southern latitudes, may act as a negative feedback on
the global carbon cycle.
Author's Names: B.K. Mignone, A. Gnanadesikan, J. L. Sarmiento, et al
Filesize: 46.08 Kb
Added on: 02-Aug-2005 Downloads: 18
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ROBUST ESTIMATES OF PREINDUSTRIAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC AIR-SEA CARBON DIOXIDE FLUX
Description:
Accurate estimates of
the spatial distribution of pre-industrial and anthropogenic air-sea carbon
fluxes are crucial to understanding the processes driving ocean carbon uptake. We
present regional anthropogenic and pre-industrial air-sea fluxes estimated
separately from their reconstructed concentrations and Ocean General
Circulation Models (OGCM). The ocean interior carbon transports required to
explain these fluxes are calculated and their implications for the global
carbon cycle are discussed.
Author's Names: S.E. Mikaloff Fletcher, N.P. Gruber, A.R. Jacobson, et al
Filesize: 199.04 Kb
Added on: 02-Aug-2005 Downloads: 18
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