INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM AND AIR-SEA CO2 FLUXES IN THE HIGH ...
Description: Since 1993, regular seasonal water sampling has been conducted along a
ship-track between Island and Newfoundland in the
open ocean of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre in the
frame of the long-term SURATLANT program. In this study, we
analyse the interannual variation of the carbon dioxide system, including
seawater fugacity (fCO2)
and air-sea CO2 fluxes for the period 1993-2004. During
1993-1997, the data present a clear seasonality in this region marked by a
strong CO2 sink in summer and near-equilibrium in winter. For recent
years, 2001-2004, we observed a dramatic change of the source/sink seasonality.
An extreme case was observed in 2003 when oceanic fCO2 was above equilibrium during all
seasons. This strong anomaly was driven by ocean warming.
Author's Names: A. Corbière, N. Metzl, G. Reverdin , C. Brunet , et al
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SPACE AND TIME VARIABILITY OF TOTAL INORGANIC CARBON AND AIR-SEA FLUX OF CO2 IN THE NORTH-EAST ...
Description:
Four CARIOCA Lagrangian buoys
drifted in the North-East Atlantic Ocean
between 38° and 45°N between February and August 2001. Daily cycles of pCO2, SST and DIC are
observed even in winter. Biological rates of carbon consumption, gross and net
primary production,are determined in situ from the amplitude of the diel cycles
and the time evolution of surface dissolved inorganic carbon. Over the 6 months
period, February-August, the ocean in the studied area is a sink for atmospheric
CO2.The mean absorbed flux is equal to 3.8 mmoles/ m2/ day.
Author's Names: L. Merlivat, G.Caniaux, J.Boutin, et al
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AN EMPIRICAL ESTIMATE OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN AIR-SEA CO2 FLUX
Description:
A discrepancy exists between current estimates of the
Southern Ocean air-sea flux of CO2.
The most recent estimate using a combination of direct and
climatologically-derived pCO2 measurements [Takahashi et al.,
2002] (herein referred to as T02) suggests a
Southern Ocean CO2 sink that is nearly two times greater that that
suggested from general circulation models, atmospheric inverse models [Gurney et al.,
2002] and oceanic inverse models [Gloor et al.,
2003]. Here we employ an independent method
to estimate the Southern ocean air-sea flux of CO2. Our method exploits all available surface
measurements for Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (ALK) from 1986 to 1996. We show that surface
age-normalized DIC can be predicted to within ~8mmol/kg and ~10mmol/kg for ALK
using standard hydrographic properties, independent of season. The predictive equations are used in
conjunction with World Ocean Atlas (2001) climatologies to estimate an annual
cycle of DIC and ALK, while the
pCO2 distribution is calculated using standard carbonate
chemistry. For consistency we use the
same gas transfer relationship and wind product from Takahashi et
al, [2002] however, we include the effects of sea-ice. We estimate a
Southern Ocean CO2 sink (>40°S) of -0.19±0.26 Pg C for 1995. Our estimates are
smaller than those estimated by Takahashi et al,
[2002], but consistent with atmospheric / oceanic inverse methods, general
circulation models and provides further evidence that the Southern Ocean CO2
sink in relation to its oceanic surface area, is moderate on a global scale.
Author's Names: B. I. McNeil, N. Metzl, R. M. Key and R. J. Matear
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PACIFIC DOMINANCE TO GLOBAL AIR-SEA CO2 FLUX VARIABILITY: A NOVEL ATMOSPHERIC INVERSION AGREES ...
Description:
We
address an ongoing debate regarding the geographic distribution of interannual
variability in ocean - atmosphere carbon exchange. We find that, for 1983-1998,
both novel high-resolution atmospheric inversion calculations and global ocean
biogeochemical models place the primary source of global CO2 air-sea
flux variability in the Pacific Ocean. In ocean biogeochemical models, this
variability is clearly associated with the El Niño / Southern Oscillation
cycle. Both inversion and models indicate that the Southern Ocean is the
second-largest source of air-sea CO2 flux variability, and that
variability is small throughout the Atlantic, including the North Atlantic, in
contrast to previous studies.
Author's Names: G.A. McKinley, C. Rödenbeck, M. Gloor, et al
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INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE OBSERVED OVER THE WESTERN ...
Description:
The spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2
at 8-13 km from April 1993 to March 2005 were observed by measuring CO2
concentrations in samples collected biweekly from a commercial airliner between
Australia and Japan.
The 12-year record between 30N and 30S revealed several characteristics for CO2
interannual variabilities in the upper troposphere. The most significant
year-to-year change was found in a large increase in the growth rate during
1997/98 and 2002/03 that were associated with the ENSO
events. During these years, changes in north-to-south gradient of latitudinal
distribution and seasonal cycle were observed compared to data during the
normal years.
Author's Names: H. Matsueda, Y. Sawa, A. Wada, and S. Taguchi
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REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL NORTH AMERICAN CARBON EXCHANGE IN 2003 AND 2004 USING AIRCRAFT AND ...
Description:
We quantify atmosphere-biosphere carbon exchange at
the continental scale across North America
during the summers of 2003 and 2004. The 2003 campaign features continental
transects across the northern portion of North America with significant
influence from biomass burning, while the 2004 study focuses on the greater New
England and Quebec
region. We use a Lagrangian, adjoint atmospheric model [Gerbig et al. 2003a,b; Lin et
al. 2003] coupled to a biosphere model derived from the Vegetation
Photosynthesis Model [Xiao et al.,
2004]. Our analysis of the 2004 airborne data demonstrates the progression of
increasing carbon uptake through the boreal zone during the seasonal transition
from early spring to late summer. Data from the coast-to-coast transects of the
2003 campaign allow us to quantify large scale carbon exchange across the
continent.
Author's Names: D.M. Matross, M. Pathmathevan, C. Gerbig, et al
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FREQUENT MEASUREMENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 AND OTHER TRACE SPECIES USING COMMERCIAL AIRLINES
Description:
A
new research project has started in 2003 to develop Continuous CO2
Measurement Equipment (CME) and
Automatic Air Sampling Equipment (ASE)
for commercial airlines. CMEs are planning to be installed on five aircrafts
and fly to South East Asia, East Asia, Europe, North America, Pacific and Australia.
Routine air sampling by ASE will
be done twice a month between Japan
and Australia.
After issuing the certification, first observation flight by Boeing 747-400
will be conducted in October, 2005. Preliminary observation by small research
aircraft indicates that CME
produces reasonable results.
Author's Names: T. Machida, H. Matsueda, Y. Nakagawa, M. Tomosawa, et al
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MEASUREMENTS OF CO2 MIXING RATIO IN AND ABOVE PBL OVER THE FOREST AREA IN SIBERIA
Description:
To
understand the difference in CO2 behavior between planetary boundary
layer (PBL) and free troposphere (FT), we conduct CO2 measurements
using a small aircraft and a tower at the forest area in West
Siberia. More than 120 vertical CO2 profiles were
observed by newly developed small CO2 measurement device. Seasonal
amplitude in PBL (36.9 ppm) is two times larger than that in FT (15.7 ppm).
Diurnal variation in CO2 profile is affected not only by PBL growth
but also by horizontal advection and entrainment flux from FT to PBL.
Author's Names: T. Machida, K. Shimoyama, O. Krasnov, T. Watai and G. Inoue
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OCEANIC ADVECTIVE TRANSPORT AND DIVERGENCE OF CO2 IN THE ATLANTIC
Description:
The Atlantic's
central role in the global thermohaline circulation suggests that this basin
should be an important laboratory for understanding the ocean carbon cycle and
possible temporal variations in that cycle. Here we present the set up and
results from an oceanic box model inversion which focuses on the transport and
divergence of total inorganic carbon (TIC) and anthropogenic carbon within the Atlantic.
Author's Names: A.M. Macdonald
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WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM INTENSIVE ATMOSPHERIC SAMPLING FIELD PROGRAMS?
Description:
Intensive atmospheric
sampling field programs are envisioned as a key component of integrated
research programs such as the North American Carbon Program (NACP) [Sarmiento and Wofsy,
1999; Wofsy and Harriss, 2002]. The intensive
sampling provides unique information about the spatial distribution of CO2
as well as imposes tight constraints on regional budgets that are difficult to
obtain from other means. We summarize what we have learned from the numerous
COBRA (CO2 Budget and Rectification Airborne study) experiments [Gerbig et al.,
2003a] that have taken place in 2000, 2003, and 2004. We present the observed spatial variability
of CO2 [Gerbig et al., 2003a; Lin et al.,
2004a] and regional budgets derived from regional air
parcel-following experiments [Lin et al., 2004b]. These
observations are also used as a critical testbed for modeling frameworks [Gerbig et al.,
2003b]. We draw conclusions about ways to maximize the value
of intensive atmospheric sampling experiments and the role that such
experiments should play within programs like the NACP.
Author's Names: J.C. Lin, C. Gerbig, S.C. Wofsy, B.C. Daube, et al
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