Contact Information, Links, and References

To reference content from this website:

Shoemaker, L. G., J. C. Turnbull, P. P. Tans, J. B. Miller, B. H. Vaughn, S. E. Michel, and S. J. Lehman (2010), Fingerprints of Emissions and the Carbon Cycle: Stable and Radiocarbon Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide, NOAA/ESRL, http://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/isotopes/.

Contact Information

If you have questions or wish to request more information pertaining to portions of this website, please contact:

• ¹⁴C Interpretation: Jocelyn Turnbull (jocelyn.turnbull@noaa.gov)
• Stable Isotope Interpretation:  John Miller (john.b.miller@noaa.gov)
• Stable Isotope Measurements and Data Quality:  Bruce Vaughn (bruce.vaughn@colorado.edu) or Sylvia Michel (sylvia.englund@colorado.edu)
• 14C Measurements and Data Quality: Scott Lehman (scott.lehman@colorado.edu)
• NOAA Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Senior Scientist: Pieter Tans (pieter.tans@noaa.gov)

Links

Links to other websites, which are incorporated into Fingerprints of Emissions and the Carbon Cycle: Stable and Radiocarbon Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide include:

• NOAA's Global Monitoring Laboratory's Interactive Atmospheric Data Visualization:
• NOAA's 200 Year Celebration story Life of an Air Flask:
• NOAA's Global Monitoring Laboratory's Outreach and Education Website:
• NOAA's Global Monitoring Laboratory's POET Program Educational Activities:
• INSTAAR's Stable Isotope Laboratory:
• INSTAAR's Radiocarbon Laboratory:
• Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facilities used by NOAA's Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Group, which include:
  • Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry:
  • University of California, Irvine Laboratory:
  • Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory:
• The Earth Science Literacy Initiative's Project Description:
• The Earth Science Literacy Initiative's Principles Guide:

Other links that students may find helpful include:

• The American Society for Mass Spectrometry provides an overview of mass spectrometry, but includes discussions of mass spectrometry in additional areas of science.
• Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry provides an overview of mass spectrometry and uses of mass spectrometry, especially in biological research.
• American Scientist Article “Rapid Climate Change: New evidence shows that earth's climate can change dramatically in only a decade. Could greenhouse gases flip that switch?” by Kendrick Taylor.
• Scientific American Article “The Physical Science behind Climate Change: Why are climatologists so highly confident that human activities are dangerously warming Earth? Members of the IPCC, the 2007 peace winner, write on climate change” by William Collins, Robert Colman, James Haywood, Martin R. Manning and Philip Mote.
• Scientific American Article “Is climate change hiding the decline of maple syrup? Human-related carbon emissions may skew isotope analysis for food-quality control” by Matt Kaplan.

References used in this website

1. IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change section 10.4.2 Ocean Acidification Due to Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
   • The IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) has currently published four assessment reports on the science behind climate change. The most recent, published in 2007, contains four volumes, which can be found at: http://www.ipcc.ch/.
2. O'Leary, M.H., Madhavan, S. and Paneth, P. 1992, Physical and chemical basis of carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Plant, Cell, and Environment, 15, 1099-1104.
   • This paper provides a detailed description about different fractionation process, specifically in biology.
3. Congressional Research Service (Content source); Maggie L. Walser (Topic Editor). 2009. "Greenhouse gas emissions- perspectives on the top 20 emitters and developed versus developing nations." In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth April 4, 2008; Last revised September 2, 2009; Retrieved June 11, 2010] < http://www.eoearth.org/article/Greenhouse_gas_emissions-_perspectives_on_the_top_20_emitters_and_developed_versus_developing_nations >.
   • Discusses differences in emissions and emission requirements in various nations.
4. E.J. Finehout and K.H. Lee. (2003). An Introduction to Mass Spectrometry Applications, Biological Research, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 32(2), 93-100.
   • An example of other uses of stable isotope mass spectrometry.
5. J.W. Wong, M.K. Hennessy, D.G. Hayward, A.J. Krynitsky, I. Cassias, and F.J. Schenck. (2007). Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Dried Ground Ginseng Root by Capillary Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and –Flame Photometric Detection, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55(4), 1117-1128.
   • Another example of other uses of stable isotope mass spectrometry.
6. Currie, K.I., Brailsford, G., Nichol, S., Gomez, A., Sparks, R., Lassey, K.R., and Riedel, K. 2009. Tropospheric ¹⁴CO₂ at Wellington, New Zealand: the world's longest record, Biogeochemistry.
   • Data on changes in ¹⁴C caused by nuclear testing.
7. Levin, I. and Kromer, B. (2004). The tropospheric ¹⁴CO₂ level in mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere (1959-2003). Radiocarbon, Vol. 46, Nr. 3, Pgs 1261-1272.
   • Additional data on changes in ¹⁴C caused by nuclear testing.
8. Vaughn, BH., et al. (2004). Stable isotope measurements of atmospheric CO₂ and CH₄., Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, vol 1, ch.14, Elsiever, 1248.
   • Discusses both carbon dioxide and methane isotopes with an overview of their importance and methods of analysis.
9. Huff, A.K. and Thiemens, M.H. (1998). ¹⁷O /¹⁶O and ¹⁸O /¹⁶O isotope measurements of atmospheric carbon monoxide and its sources. Geophysical research letters, Vol. 25, No. 18, Pg. 3509-3512.
   • This paper looks at oxygen isotopes in carbon monoxide and their two major sources.
10. Manning, M.R., Lowe, D.C., Moss, R.C., Bodeker, G.E., and Allan, W. (2005). Short-term variations in the oxidizing power of the atmosphere. Nature letters, Vol. 436, No. 18, Pg. 1001-1004.
    • This paper discusses measuring the amount of OH in the atmosphere using ¹⁴C in carbon monoxide.
11. Wuebbles, D.J. and Hayhoe, K. (2002). Atmospheric methane and global change. Earth-Science Reviews 57, Pg. 177-210.
    • Atmospheric methane and global change examines our current understanding of atmospheric methane and its impact on the climate.
12. Ferretti, et al. (2005). Unexpected changes to the global methane budget over the past 2000 years. Science 309, 1714, Pg. 1714-1716.
    • This scientific paper looks at changes in the strength of different methane sources over the last 2,000 years.
13. Earth Science Literacy Initiative. National Science Foundation. <http://www.earthscienceliteracy.org/>.
    • This is the homepage for the Earth Science Literacy Initiative.