INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS OF WINTER OCEANIC pCO2 AND AIR-SEA CO2 FLUX IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC
Description:
We report the
interannual variations of winter CO2
partial pressure in surface waters (pCO2sea)
and overlying air (pCO2air)
and air-sea CO2 flux in the
extensive area (3-34°N) from subtropical to equatorial along 137°E during the period of 1983-2003. The pCO2sea varied largely in
the equatorial region of 3-6°N, depending on the variations of the
oceanographic conditions related to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The pCO2sea variations in the subtropical gyre north of 23°N were small due to highly
counteracting effects between anti-correlated sea surface temperature (SST)
and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) anomalies through the entrainment
process, irrespective of large variations of SST. By contrast, it was
found that there occurred a low negative correlation between SST and DIC in the
region restricted around 15-18°N in the North Equatorial Current, which resulted
in a large amplitude of variations of pCO2sea
and hence CO2 influx. The interannual
variations of CO2 flux depended predominantly on those of the
difference between pCO2sea
and pCO2air (ΔpCO2) south
of 18°N but on those of wind speed in the northern region.
Author's Names: T. Midorikawa, M. Ishii, K. Nemoto, H. Kamiya, et al
Filesize: 146.57 Kb
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INTERPRETATIONS OF SOUTHERN OCEAN CARBON CYCLE PROCESSES FROM ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENTS ...
Description: We present a 30+ year record
of continuous atmospheric CO2 concentrations and a 5 year record of
continuous O2 concentrations from Baring Head, New Zealand.
When compared to South Pole data, the CO2 concentrations indicate a
persistent, but variable net carbon sink in the Southern Ocean since the late
1970s. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of O2 concentrations (expressed as “APO”, Atmospheric Potential
Oxygen) shows large inter-annual variability, suggesting high variability in
annual air-sea O2 fluxes, and thus also potentially
suggesting high variability in year to year marine productivity in the Southern
Ocean.
Author's Names: G.W. Brailsford, A.C. Manning, A.J. Gomez, and K. Riedel
Filesize: 28.39 Kb
Added on: 27-Jul-2005 Downloads: 19
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INVENTORY AND UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CARBON IN LABRADOR SEA WATER ESTIMATED USING TRANSIT TIME ...
Description:
We apply to Classical Labrador
Sea Water (CLSW) the “transit-time distribution” (TTD) method to estimate the
inventory and uptake anthropogenic carbon (∆C). A parametric model of TTDs representing
bulk-advective and mixing processes is constrained with WOCE CFC data. The constrained TTDs are then
used to propagate ∆C into the interior of the CLSW. Compared to many past
studies the key advantage of this methodology is that mixing is not assumed to
be a negligible component of transport.
Author's Names: F. Terenzi, T.M. Hall, and D.A. LeBel
Filesize: 145.13 Kb
Added on: 08-Aug-2005 Downloads: 20
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IS “THERMODYNAMIC CONSISTENCY” A USEFUL MEASURE OF OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SEAWATER CARBONATE ...
Description:
An accurate knowledge of the thermodynamics of the
carbonic acid system in seawater is crucial to our understanding of the
behavior of carbon dioxide in seawater. In particular, this knowledge is needed
whenever a particular property needs to be calculated from measurements of
other related properties; e.g., the
estimation of the partial pressure of CO2 in air that is in equilibrium with a sample of
sea water, p(CO2), from measurements of the total
dissolved inorganic carbon, CT, and of the
total alkalinity, AT, of a water sample. This calculation
is particularly important for ocean models, which transport CT and AT, but which
need to calculate p(CO2) at the sea surface so as to
represent air-sea exchange processes. Numerous determinations of dissociation
constants for carbon dioxide in seawater media have been published over the
years. In each case the authors have recommended “best” values for the
dissociation constants, and often the constants are represented in these papers
by interpolating equations or tables. Furthermore, a number of investigators
have attempted to assess the thermodynamic consistency of the various published
values for these dissociation constants with analytical measurements made on
natural seawater. Despite all this work, the results of these efforts are, as
yet, not conclusive. I shall present a review of the situation and will try to
provide a clear description of the magnitude of the problems, their possible
sources, and their importance to understanding the behavior of CO2 in seawater.
Author's Names: A. G. Dickson
Filesize: 198.76 Kb
Added on: 28-Jul-2005 Downloads: 17
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LARGE TEMPORAL AIR-SEA CO2 FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN SOUTH OF TASMANIA
Description: We analysed the temporal variations of the CO2
system in the Southern Ocean south of Tasmania and compared the seasonality of
the carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2)
and the air-sea CO2 flux during spring and summer for two different
years: 1996/97 and 2002/03. In summer, the CO2 flux presents large
and contrasting interannual changes in the Permanent Open Ocean Zone (POOZ,
53-61°S): the oceanic CO2 sink varies from about –0.3 mmol.m-2.d-1
in 1997 to –20.6 mmol.m-2.d-1 in 2003. This strong sink in
February 2003 was related to an increased phytoplankton biomass in this
high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) region.
Author's Names: E. Brévière, A. Poisson, B. Tilbrook, N. Metzl, et al
Filesize: 75.17 Kb
Added on: 27-Jul-2005 Downloads: 26
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LONG-TERM OBSERVATION OF CO2 CONCENTRATION AND ITS ISOTOPE RATIO OVER THE WESTERN PACIFIC
Description: Air was collected systematically
from 1995 to 2005 over the Pacific from 30S to 55N in latitude by
ships-of-opportunity to monitor global trend of CO2 concentration
and its variation in the atmosphere. The
monitoring results showed that three El Niño events during 10 years mostly
affected regional and temporal variation of CO2 growth rate and its
budget. Variation of carbon isotope ratio showed that the CO2 flux
from terrestrial biosphere seemed to rapidly increase at that time, correlated
with global temperature anomaly. Oxygen isotope ratio had increasing trend in
this period, similar to the variation of temperature. Atmospheric 14CO2
variation also seemed to be influenced by El Niño event.
Author's Names: H. Mukai, Y. Nojiri, Y. Tohjima, T. Machida, et al
Filesize: 64.26 Kb
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LONG-TERM OBSERVATION OF VERTICAL PROFILES OF 13C 12C RATIO OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 OVER ...
Description:
We have
conducted long-term regular monitoring of vertical profiles of 13C/12C
ratio of atmospheric CO2 over three sites in Siberia and a site in Japan.
Time-series and seasonality of the 13C/12C ratio at each
altitude levels at the four site were examined. Apparent isotopic signature was
calculated from the relationship between CO2 mixing ratio and the 13C/12C
ratio in individual vertical profiles.
Author's Names: Y. Takahashi, T. Machida, T. Watai, G. Inoue, et al
Filesize: 69.72 Kb
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LOOKING FOR THE MARINE CO2 PROCESSES ON LAND
Description:
Begur-Pals site (41,58ºN, 3,14ºE, Catalonia,
Spain)
is weekly sampled for CO2 and other GHG (CH4, CO, N2O,
SF6) since January 2000. This CO2 serial data shows at
the middle of each summer a sudden increase and decrease of the CO2
peak. It is a process that can be either attributed to a highest transpiration
rate than ecosystem production due to the lack of summer precipitation, to biomass
burning from Mediterranean forest fires, to tourist activities in the coast, or
to CO2 pumping from waters in the Western Mediterranean sea (according
to wind backtrajectories). A sampling strategy using sites with high towers
with continuous measurements has been developed. Sites are placed at the vortexes
of a rhombus: two extremes are continental sites in the center of the Ebro’s
watershed and a marine site is located in the Menorca Island.
The other two are high towers in the Catalonian coast.
Author's Names: J-A. Morguí, X. Rodó, A. Font, E. Martí, et al
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MARINE ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 ESTIMATES STEMMING FROM OBSERVATIONS
Description:
Anthropogenic CO2 releases to the
atmosphere have changed the total inorganic carbon concentration of ocean by no
more than 3-4% at any location. Main differences between three approaches [Poisson and Chen, 1987; Gruber et al.,
1996; Friis, 2005] are presented that define
marine anthropogenic CO2 (CTant)
as deduced from total inorganic carbon. All definitions are based on a
back-calculation technique that was independently proposed by Brewer [1978] and
Chen and Millero [1979]. The overall importance of this presentation is in the
comparability of anthropogenic CO2 findings from described methods
with these derived from global bookkeeping approaches or full carbon model
results.
Author's Names: Karsten Friis and Raymond G. Najjar
Filesize: 83.97 Kb
Added on: 28-Jul-2005 Downloads: 20
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MARINE PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATES FROM O2 AR RATIOS AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN THE EQUATORIAL PACIFIC
Description: Upwelling of high-nutrient waters in the
equatorial Pacific gives rise to a band of enhanced primary production around
the equator that stretches from Peru almost to Indonesia. It has been suggested
that this oceanic region accounts for a large part of global net production.
The equatorial Pacific is also thought to be the largest oceanic CO2
source and makes an important contribution to the atmospheric CO2
budget.
Author's Names: Jan Kaiser, Matthew K. Reuer, Bruce Barnett, et al
Filesize: 118.66 Kb
Added on: 29-Jul-2005 Downloads: 39
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